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Bandpass Signalling
Bandpass Filtering and Linear Distortion
Bandpass Sampling Theorem
Bandpass Dimensionality Theorem
Amplifiers and Nonlinear Distortion
Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)
Intermodulation Distortion (IMD)
Huseyin Bilgekul
Eeng360 Communication Systems I
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Eastern Mediterranean University
Eeng 360 1
*
fcG
V
(f)12G
fc
Bandpass filter
h1 (t1) Re[ k1 (t )1e jw*ct ]
v1 (t ) Re[ g1 (t )e jwct ]
H( f )
v t Re g (t )e jct
v 2 (t ) Re[ g 2 (t )e jwct ]
K ( f fc ) K ( f fc )
2
v1 (t )
v 2 (t )
h1 (t )
H( f )
H(f) = Y(f)/X(f)
Eeng 360 2
Bandpass Filtering
Eeng 360 3
12G2fcGGf1*2*fVf1cfKcH
*f412G1c1f*0,.cKfGc1*fcG
V
2
21*KcfK*ccfK**cfcc
cc11
Bandpass Filtering
Theorem: The complex envelopes for the input, output, and impulse response of
a bandpass filter are related by
1
1
1
g 2 t g1 t k t ;
2
2
2
Also,
1
1
1
G2 f G1 f K f
2
2
2
But
1
1 *
1
1 *
1
1 *
G
f
G
f
f
K
f
f
K f fc
c
2
c
1
c
c
1
c
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
Eeng 360 4
12G
12G
f
2f
1f1
2K
Bandpass Filtering
Thus, we see that
1
1
1
g 2 t g1 t k t ;
2
2
2
Any bandpass filter may be described and analyzed by using an equivalent low-pass
filter.
Equations for equivalent LPF are usually much less complicated than those for
bandpass filters & so the equivalent LPF system model is very useful.
Eeng 360 5
fH
fejf 21H
H
dffATg
Linear Distortion
A- positive constant
f H ( f ) 2fTd
f H ( f )
f 2fTg 0
Eeng 360 6
Linear Distortion
Eeng 360 7
vtAxtTcostTAytTsintT
fA
v2ts
AxtTgxcAoecsjo
s2c
fv1t
H
H
ffTcgt
e0jy
jin
f
T
js
g
0
e
tt
c
ctfc
fcA
ytT
gin
Linear Distortion
2gcdgcd
j 2fTg
v 2 t Ax t Tg cos c t Tg 0 Ay t Tg sin c t Tg 0
) is
Using f 2fTg 0 Tg 0
f H ( f ) 2fTd f c c Tg 0 2f c Td
Bandpass filter
delays input info by
Tg , whereas the
carrier by Td
Eeng 360 8
vtn
txfnbc
v
xos
ccftcoys
tnfb
yfs1i
2cstinsinctfbtnfbfb2BT
c2
Bandpass Sampling Theorem
Theorem:
fs
2bB
T
Where
and
samples are independent , two sample values
are obtained for each value of n
Overall sampling rate for v(t):
Eeng 360 9
N 2 BT T0
Eeng 360 10
ctn
srt
R
esgthj
rtRegtjctntt
s (t )
Carrier
circuits
Transmission
medium
(Channel)
r (t )
Carrier
circuits
g~ (t )
Signal
processing
~
m
r t Re Ag t Tg e j ct f c n t
Eeng 360 11
Nonlinear Distortion
Amplifiers
Non-linear
Linear
Memory - Present output value ~ function of present input + previous input values
- contain L & C
No memory - Present output values ~ function only of its present input values.
Circuits : linear + no memory resistive ciruits
- linear + memory RLC ciruits (Transfer function)
Eeng 360 12
v0t
K
vit K
n
n
1
d
n! vi0
Nonlinear Distortion
vi
0
v0 K 0 K 1vi K v K n vin
2
2 i
n 0
Where
Eeng 360 13
vouttV01cos(0tt1A)0siVn2c0ots20t2V3cos30t3
v
i
Nonlinear Distortion
K v
= K 2 A0 sin 0 t
K 2 A02
1 cos 2 0 t
THD(%)
V1
100
Eeng 360 14
2K
in
in
K
os
cos
2A
12s
1ts
2tt
2A
12c
1
2
1
2
Nonlinear Distortion
IMD
Eeng 360 15
2
3K
s31in2
A
t1sin
t232K
in
1cosin2
3A
122s
2t
1t
sin2
2t
1
2t
Nonlinear Distortion
3
1
For bandpass amplifiers, where f1 & f2 are within the pasband, f1 close to f2,
the distortion products at 2f1+f2 and 2f2+f1 ~ outside the passband
Main Distortion Products
Eeng 360 16