Chapter 1 Science Form 2

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Chapter 1 : The World through Our

Senses
1.1 Sensory Organs
Five sensory organs
The pathway from stimulus to response
1.2 Sense of Touch
The skin
Sensitivity of the skin
1.3 Sense of Smell
Nose
1.4 Sense of Taste
Tongue
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Chapter 1 : The World through Our

Senses
1.5 Sense of Hearing
The ear
The function of the different parts of the ear
1.6 Sense of Sight
The eye
The functions of different parts of the eye
1.7 Light and Sight
Light travels in a straight line
Reflection of light
Refraction of light
Defects of vision
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Chapter 1 : The World Through Our

Senses
Limitation of sight
Stereoscopic vision
Monocular vision
Devices to overcome the limitations of sight
1.8 Sound and Hearing
Properties of sound
Defects of hearing
Limitation of hearing
Stereophonic hearing
1.9 Stimuli and Responses in Plants
Tropisms
Nastic movement
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1.1 Sensory Organs

Sense
Sense of
of sight
sight
Sense
Sense of
of smell
smell
Five sensory
sensory organs
organs
Five
Sense
Sense of
of touch
touch
Sense
Sense of
of taste
taste
Sense
Sense of
of hearing
hearing
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1.1 Sensory Organs

Sense of sight
Eyes detects
light
Enable humans
to see things
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1.1 Sensory Organs

Sense of smell
Nose detects smell
Smells are
chemicals in the air
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1.1 Sensory Organs

Sense of taste
Tongue detects
taste
Enable human to
know taste of foods
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1.1 Sensory Organs

Sense of hearing
Ears detect
sound
Enable human to
hear the beauty
of sound
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1.1 Sensory Organs

Sense of touch
Skin detects
touch,
temperature,
pain and pressure
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1.1 Sensory Organs
The pathway
pathway from
from stimulus
stimulus to
to response
response
The
Impulses
Receptors
Nerves
Impulses
Stimulus
Brain
Response
Impulses
Effectors
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Nerves
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1.1 Sensory Organs

Receptors in sensory organs very sensitive to
stimuli
Receptors produce electrical messages, called
nerve impulses when being stimulated
The impulses are sent to the brain through
nerves
Brain interprets the impulses received and
decides what to do
The brain send out impulses to effectors
Effectors such as muscles and glands carry out
responses
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1.2 Sense of Touch

The skin
skin
The
Pore
Hair
Epidermis
2
1
4
Dermis
Fatty layer
Sebaceous gland
1
2
3
4
5
Touch
receptors
Pain
receptors
Heat
receptors
Cold
receptors
Pressure
receptors
Sweat gland
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1.2 Sense of Touch

The skin is the bodys largest organ
Has nerves that can respond to touch,
temperature and pressure
Functions :
* Prevent the microorganisms from
entering
* Excrete excess water and mineral
salts
* Maintain body temperature
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1.2 Sense of Touch

Sensitivity of
of the
the skin
skin
Sensitivity
Sensitivity of the skin depends on
* Numbers of receptors on the
skin surface
* How deep the receptors on the
skin surface
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1.3 Sense of Smell

Nose
Nose
Nerve from
the brain
The uppermost
portion of the human
respiratory sistem
The nose is a hollow
passage that functions
during breathing and
in the sense of smell
Sensory
cell
Nasal
cavity
Nostril
Lip muscle
Teeth
Tongue
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1.4 Sense of Taste

Tongue
Tongue
Tongue is covered
with taste buds
Root of
tongue
Bitter
Sour
Salty
Sweet
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The ear
ear
The
Oval window
Semicircular
canals
Ossicles
Auditory
nerve
Pinna
Cochlea
Ear canal
Eardrum
Outer ear
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Eustachian tube
Middle ear Inner ear

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The function
function of
of the
the different
different parts
parts of
of the
the ear
ear
The
Parts
Function
Pinna
Collect sound waves
Ear canal
Directs the sound waves to the eardrum
Eardrum
Vibrates and transmits the sound

waves to the ossicles
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Parts
Ossicles
Function
Amplify the vibrations of sound waves and
transmits the vibrations to the oval window
Transfers the vibration of sound

Oval window
waves from ossicles to the cochlea
Eustachian
tube
Cochlea
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Equalises the air pressure on

both sides of the eardrums
Changes the vibrations of sound
waves into nerve impulses
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Parts
Auditory
nerve
Function
Transmits the nerve impulses from
the cochlea to the brain. The brain
will interpret the impulses as sound
Semicircular Balances the body by detecting the

position and movement of head
canals
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1.6 Sense of Sight

The eye
eye
The
Lens
Sclera
Vitreous humour
Ciliary body
Retina
Cornea
Iris
Pupil
Optic nerve
Aqueous
humour
Blind spot
Suspensory ligament
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1.6 Sense of Sight
he function
function of
of the
the different
different parts
parts of
of the
the eye
eye
he
Parts
Function
Ciliary
body
Change the thickness of the lens

when focusing
Lens
Helps focus an image. It is held in place by the

suspensory ligaments and ciliary muscles
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1.6 Sense of Sight

Parts
Function
Sclera
The protective, white outer layer of the eye
Vitreous
humour
A jelly that fills the back of the eye
Retina
Contains light sensitive cells. The retina

sends nerve impulses to the brain
Optic
nerve
Receives nerve impulses from the

retina and sends them to the brain
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1.6 Sense of Sight

Parts
Function
A spot where the optic nerve

Blind spot
leaves the eyeball
Suspensory
ligaments
Hold the lens in its position
Aqueous
humour
A watery liquid that fills the front

eye
A hole that allows light through (in
front of the lens)
Pupil
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1.6 Sense of Sight

Parts
Function
Cornea
A transparent window in front of the eye
Iris
Controls how much light enters the

eye and alters the shape of the pupil
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1.7 Light and Sight

Light
Light travels
travels in
in aa straight
straight line
line
The candle flame only can
be seen through the holes
if the three cardboards
(holes) are lined up
Shadows are formed when
light travels in straight
line is blocked by opaque
objects
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1.7 Light and Sight

Reflection
Reflection of
of light
light
Light bounces off the surface of an object
When parallel beams of light strikes a smooth surface it is
reflected as parallel beam
When parallel beams of light strikes a rough surface it is
scattered or reflected in different directions
Smooth and shiny surfaces are good reflectors
Reflected light that travels to our eyes enable us to see
things
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1.7 Light and Sight

Reflection from
smooth surface forms
regular reflection
Parallel
light rays
Reflection from
rough surface
forms diffused
reflection
Parallel
reflected rays
Smooth surface
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Rough surface
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1.7 Light and Sight

Refraction
Refraction of
of light
light
Change in direction or bending of light occurs when it
travels from one transparent medium to another because of
the difference in the speed of light in the two different
media of different densities
Gives false impression of the depth and position of objects
Light rays travel faster in air than in water
If light decreases its speed when passing from one medium
into another, it will bend towards the normal and vice versa
Light entering our eyes is refracted by the cornea and eye
lens before it forms an image on the retina
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1.7 Light and Sight

Angle of
incidence
Normal
Incident ray
Air
Angle of
refraction
Refracted ray
light bends
towards the
normal
Light bends as
it passes from
water to air
Eye
Glass
Sun
Light
from the
Sun
Light
from fish
Normal
Light bends away
from the normal
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Actual
position
of fish
Perceived image
of fish (light appears
to come from here)
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1.7 Light and Sight

ShortShortsightedness
sightedness
LongLongsightedness
sightedness
Defects
Defects of
of
vision
vision
ColourColourblindness
blindness
Astigmatism
Astigmatism
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1.7 Light and Sight

Short-sightedness
Sees distant object
unclearly
Because the lens too
thick or eyeball too
long
Corrected by using a
concave lens
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Distant
object
Sharp image
is formed in
front of the
retina
Sharp image
is formed
on the retina
Concave
lens
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1.7 Light and Sight

Long-sightedness
Sees near object
unclearly
Near
object
Because the lens
too thin or eyeball
too
short
Corrected by using
a convex lens
Sharp image
is formed
behind the
retina
Sharp image
is formed
on the retina
Convex lens
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1.7 Light and Sight

Astigmatism
Caused by the
irregular surface of
the cornea
Symptoms include
blurred vision,
double vision in
one eyes, eyestrain
and headaches
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Testing astigmatism
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1.7 Light and Sight

Colour-blindness
Inability to
distinguish colours
between red and
green and between
blue and yellow
Caused by defect
in the retina
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1.7 Light and Sight

Limitations of sight
Optical illusions
The blind spot
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1.7 Light and Sight

Optical illusions
A mistake in the
perception of a
sensory experience
The brain unable to
interpret the image
formed in the eye
accurately
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1.7 Light and Sight

The blind spot
Small area in the
eyes where images
fall on this area
cannot be seen
There are no
photoreceptors on
it
Back
Blind
spot
X
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1.7 Light and Sight

Stereoscopic
Stereoscopic vision
vision
Seeing objects with
both eyes at the
front of the head
Able to see objects
three dimensionally
Can judge distance
accurately
Visual field
of right
eye
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Overlapping
vision
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Visual field
of left eye
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1.7 Light and Sight

Monocular
Monocular vision
vision
Seeing objects with
eyes at each side of
head independently
Cannot see objects
three dimensionally
Cannot judge
distance accurately
Have wider field of
vision
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Visual field Visual field

of right
of left eye
eye
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1.7 Light and Sight

Telescope
Telescope
Microscope
Microscope
Devices
Devices to
to overcome
overcome
the
the limitations
limitations of
of sight
sight
Magnifying
Magnifying
glass
glass
Binoculars
Binoculars
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Sounds travel in
straight line
Sounds are
produced by
vibrations
Properties
Properties
of sound
sound
of
Sounds can be
absorbed or
reflected
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Sounds need a
medium to
travel
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Sounds need a medium to
travel
Sounds can travel through
solids, liquids and gases
Sound cannot travel through
vacuum
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Sounds can be absorbed or reflected
Good sound reflector : Hard and smooth
surface
Good sound absorber : Soft and rough surface
An echo is a reflected sound
Ways to reduce echoes
* Floor covered with carpets
* Wall covered with softboards or curtains
* Chairs covered with cushions
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Defects
Defects of
of hearing
hearing
Type 1 Damages to the outer and middle
ear
Include wax blockage, a punctured eardrum,
birth defects and ear infections
Type 2 Damages to the inner ear
Caused by bacterial infections, aging, extended
exposure to loud sounds and tumour
Corrected with the use of hearing aids
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Limitations
Limitations of
of hearing
hearing
A normal person can detect sounds
between 20 Hz to 20 000 Hz
We cannot hear very soft sounds
Sounds exceed 20 000 Hz are called
ultrasonic
Devices to overcome limitations of hearing
* Stethoscopes
* Loud speaker
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Stereophonic
Stereophonic hearing
hearing
Stereophonic hearing is hearing sounds from our
surroundings with two ears
Enables human to identify the direction of sound
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1.9 Stimuli and Responses in

Plants
Response to light phototropism
Response to gravity geotropism
Tropisms
Tropisms
Response to touch
(contact)
thigmotropism
Response to water hydrotropism

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Plants
Response to light phototropism
A plants response to light is
called phototropism
Plants need light to make food
during photosynthesis
Plants will grow towards the
light
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Light
Light
The results that the
shoot bends towards
the light
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Plants
Response to gravity geotropism
A plants response to gravity is called
geotropism
Even if you plant a seed the wrong way up, the
shoot always grows up, away from gravity and
the root grows down towards gravity
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Plants
Response to water hydrotropism
A plants response to water is called
hydrotropism
Root always grow to a certain extent towards
water, even if it means ignoring the pull of
gravity and growing sideways
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Plants
Response to touch (contact) - thigmotropism
A plants response to touch is called
thigmotropism
A directional growth of a plant part, especially
a tendril
Example : Cucumber plant twine their
cucumber tendrils around supporting structure
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Plants
Nastic
Nastic movement
movement
A plants response to stimuli which come from any
direction is called nastic movement
The responses do not depend on the direction of
stimuli
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THE END
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Bab 1 : Dunia Melalui Deria Kita

1.1 Organ Deria
Lima organ deria
Lintasan daripada rangsangan kepada gerak
balas
1.2 Deria Sentuh
Kulit
Kepekaan kulit
1.3 Deria Bau
Hidung
1.4 Deria Rasa
Lidah
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1.5 Deria Pendengaran
Telinga
Fungsi bahagian yang berbeza pada telinga
1.6 Deria Penglihatan
Mata
Fungsi bahagian yang berbeza pada mata
1.7 Cahaya dan Penglihatan
Cahaya merambat dalam garis lurus
Pantulan cahaya
Pembiasan cahaya
Kecacatan penglihatan
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Had penglihatan
Penglihatan stereoskopik
Penglihatan monokular
Alat untuk mengatasi had penglihatan
1.8 Bunyi dan Pendengaran
Sifat-sifat bunyi
Kecacatan pendengaran
Had pendengaran
Pendengaran stereofonik
1.9 Ransangan dan Gerak Balas dalam Tumbuhan
Tropisme
Gerak balas nastik
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1.1 Organ Deria

Deria
Deria penglihatan
penglihatan
Deria
Deria bau
bau
Lima organ
organ deria
deria
Lima
Deria
Deria sentuh
sentuh
Deria
Deria rasa
rasa
Deria
Deria pendengaran
pendengaran
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1.1 Organ Deria

Deria penglihatan
Mata mengesan
cahaya
Membolehkan
manusia
melihat benda
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1.1 Organ Deria

Deria bau
Hidung
mengesan bau
Bau bahan
kimia di udara
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1.1 Organ Deria

Deria rasa
Lidah
mengesan rasa
Membolehkan
manusia
mengetahui
rasa makanan
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1.1 Organ Deria

Deria pendengaran
Telinga mengesan
bunyi
Membolehkan
manusia
mendengar bunyi
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1.1 Organ Deria

Deria sentuh
Kulit mengesan
sentuhan,
suhu, kesakitan
dan tekanan
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1.1 Organ Deria
aluan
daripada rangsangan
rangsangan kepada
kepada gerak
gerak balas
balas
luan daripada
Impuls
Reseptor
Saraf
Impuls
Rangsangan
Otak
Gerak balas
Impuls
Efektor
Saraf
Impul
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1.1 Organ Deria

Reseptor dalam organ deria sangat peka
kepada ransangan
Reseptor menghasilkan pesanan elektrik
dipanggil impuls saraf apabila dirangsang
Impuls dihantar ke otak melalui saraf
Otak mengtafsir impuls yang diterima dan
menentukan apa yang perlu dilakukan
Otak menghantar impuls ke efektor
Efektor seperti otot dan kelenjar
mengeluarkan gerak balas
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1.2 Deria Sentuh

Kulit
Kulit
Liang
Rambut
Epidermis
2
1
4
1
2
Dermis
Lapisan
lemak
4
5
Reseptor
sentuh
Reseptor
sakit
Reseptor
haba
Reseptor
sejuk
Reseptor
tekanan
Kelenjar peluh
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1.2 Deria Sentuh

Kulit adalah organ badan terbesar
Mempunyai saraf yang bergerak balas
terhadap sentuhan, suhu dan tekanan
Fungsinya:
* Mencegah organisma daripada
masuk
* Merembeskan lebihan air dan garam
mineral
* Mengekalkan suhu badan
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1.2 Deria Sentuh

Kepekaan kulit
kulit
Kepekaan
Kepekaan kulit bergantung
kepada
* Bilangan reseptor pada
permukaan kulit
* Berapa dalam reseptor pada
permukaan kulit
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1.3 Deria Bau

Hidung
Hidung
Sel
deria
Saraf daripada
Bahagian paling atas
otak
sistem pernafasan
manusia
Hidung adalah
rongga laluan yang
berfungsi dalam
pernafasan dan
dalam deria bau
Rongga
hidung
Lubang
hidung
Otot bibir
Gigi
Lidah
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1.4 Deria Rasa

Lidah
Lidah
Lidah diselaputi
dengan tunas rasa
Akar lidah
Pahit
Masam
Masin
Manis
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Telinga
Telinga
Tingkap bujur
Osikel
Cuping
telinga
Salur telinga
Salur separuh
bulat
Saraf
auditori
Koklea
Gegendang
telinga Tiub Eustachio
Telinga luar Telinga tengah Telinga dalam
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Fungsi bahagian
bahagian berbeza
berbeza pada
pada telinga
telinga
Fungsi
Bahagian
Fungsi
Cuping telinga
Mengumpul gelombang bunyi
Salur telinga
Mengarahkan gelombang bunyi ke

gegendang telinga
Gegendang
telinga
Bergetar dan menghantar

gelombang bunyi ke osikel
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Bahagian
Fungsi
Osikel
Menguatkan getaran gelombang bunyi dan

menghantar getaran ke tingkap bujur
Tingkap
bujur
Tiub
Eustachio
Memindahkan getaran gelombang

bunyi daripada osikel ke koklea
Koklea
Mengimbangi tekanan udara di

kedua-dua belah gegendang telinga
Mengubah getaran gelombang

bunyi ke dalam impuls saraf
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Bahagian
Fungsi
Saraf
auditori
Memindahkan impuls saraf

daripada koklea ke otak. Otak akan
mentafsir impuls sebagai bunyi
Salur
separuh bulat
Mengimbangi badan dengan mengesan

kedudukan dan pergerakan kepala
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Mata
Mata
Sklera
Kanta mata
Gelemaca
Otot silia
Kornea
Retina
Iris
Anak mata
Gelemair
Ligamen jantung
Saraf optik
Bintik buta
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Fungsi bahagian
bahagian berbeza
berbeza pada
pada mata
mata
Fungsi
Bahagian
Fungsi
Mengubah ketebalan kanta apabila

Otot silia
mengfokus
Kanta
Membantu fokus gambar. Ia ditahan
oleh ligamen jantung dan otot silia
mata
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Bahagian
Sklera
Fungsi
Melindungi lapisan luar putih mata
Jeli yang mengisi ruang di

Gelemaca
belakang mata
Retina
Mengandungi sel peka cahaya. Retina

menghantar impuls saraf ke otak
Saraf
optik
Menerima impuls saraf daripada

retina dan menghantarnya ke otak
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Bahagian
Fungsi
Bintik
buta
Ligamen
jantung
Titik di mana saraf optik

meninggalkan bebola mata
Memegang kanta pada
kedudukannya
Cecair jernih yang terdapat pada
Gelemair
ruang hadapan mata
Anak
Rongga yang membenarkan cahaya
melaluinya (di hadapan kanta mata)
mata
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Bahagian
Fungsi
Kornea
Tingkap lutsinar di hadapan mata
Iris
Mengawal berapa banyak cahaya memasuki

mata dan mengubah bentuk anak mata
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Cahaya
Cahaya merambat
merambat dalam
dalam garis
garis lurus
lurus
Nyalaan lilin hanya boleh
dilihat melalui lubang
jika tiga keping kadbod
diletakkan sebaris
Bayang-bayang akan
terbentuk apabila
cahaya merambat dalam
garis lurus dihalang oleh
objek legap
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Pantulan
Pantulan cahaya
cahaya
Cahaya memantulkan permukaan sesuatu objek
Apabila sinar cahaya selari terkena pada permukaan licin
* dipantulkan sebagai sinar selari
Apabila sinar cahaya selari terkena ppada permukaan kasar
* berselerak atau dipantulkan dalam arah yang berlainan
Permukaan licin dan bergilap ialah pemantul yang baik
Cahaya yang dipantulkan merambat ke dalam mata kita bagi
membolehkan kita melihat
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Pantulan daripada
Pantulan daripada
permukaan kasar
permukaan licin membentuk
membentuk pantulan
pantulan biasa
membaur
Sinar
cahaya
selari
Sinar pantulan
selari
Permukaan licin
Permukaan kasar
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Pembiasan
Pembiasan cahaya
cahaya
Berubah arah atau cahaya membengkok apabila ia merambat
daripada satu medium ke medium yang lain kerana perbezaan
kelajuan cahaya dalam dua medium yang berlainan ketumpatan
Memberi gambaran kedalaman dan kedudukan objek yang salah
Sinar cahaya merambat laju di dalam udara berbanding air
Jika cahaya mengurangkan kelajuannya ababila melalui
daripada satu medium ke medium yang lain, ia akan
membengkok mendekati garis normal atau sebaliknya
Cahaya yang memasuki mata kita dipantulkan oleh kornea dan
kanta mata sebelum ia membentuk imej pada retina
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Sudut
tuju
Normal
Sinar tuju
Sudut
biasan
Sinar biasan
Cahaya
membengkok
mendekati
normal
Udara
Kaca
Normal
Mata
Cahaya
membengkok
sebagai mana ia
melalui daripada air
kepada udara
Matahari
Cahaya
daripada
Matahari
Cahaya
daripada
ikan
Kedudukan
Cahaya
ikan yang
Imej ikan
membengkok sebenar
yang kelihatan
menjauhi
(cahaya muncul di)
normal
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Rabun
Rabun
jauh
jauh
Rabun
Rabun
dekat
dekat
Kecacatan
Kecacatan
penglihatan
penglihatan
Buta
Buta
warna
warna
Astigmatisme
Astigmatisme
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Rabun jauh
Tidak dapat melihat
objek jauh dengan jelas
Kerana kanta mata
terlalu tebal atau
bebola mata terlalu
panjang
Dibetulkan dengan
menggunakan kanta
cekung
Objek
jauh
Kanta
cekung
Imej tajam
terbentuk di
hadapan retina
Imej tajam
terbentuk
pada retina
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Rabun dekat
Tidak dapat melihat
Objek
objek dekat dengan jelas dekat
Kerana kanta mata
terlalu nipis atau bebola
mata terlalu pendek
Dibetulkan menggunakan
kanta cembung
Kanta
cembung
Imej tajam
terbentuk di
belakang
retina
Imej tajam
terbentuk
pada retina
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Astigmatisme
Disebabkan oleh
permukaan kornea
yang tidak rata
Simptom
termasuklah
penglihatan kabur
dan sakit kepala
Ujian astigmatisme
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Buta warna
Ketidakupayaan untuk
membezakan di
antara warna merah
dengan hijau dan biru
dengan kuning
Disebabkan oleh
kecacatan dalam
retina
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Had penglihatan
Ilusi optik
Titik buta
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Ilusi optik
Kesilapan dalam
penganggapan
deria
Otak tidak dapat
mentafsir imej yang
terbentuk pada
mata dengan tepat
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Titik buta
Kawasan kecil dalam
mata yang mana imej
yang jatuh pada
X
kawasan ini tidak
dapat dilihat
Tiada reseptor
cahaya padanya
Titik
buta
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Penglihatan
Penglihatan stereoskopik
stereoskopik
Melihat objek dengan
kedua-dua mata yang
terletak di hadapan
kepala
Boleh melihat objek tiga
dimensi
Boleh mengganggar
objek jauh dengan tepat
Medan
penglihatan
mata kanan
Penglihatan
bertindih
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Medan
penglihatan
mata kiri
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Penglihatan
Penglihatan monokular
monokular
Melihat objek dengan
sebelah mata yang
terletak di sebelah sisi
kepala
Tidak boleh melihat objek
tiga dimensi
Tidak boleh mengganggar
objek jauh dengan tepat
Mempunyai medan
penglihatan yang luas
Medan
penglihatan
mata kanan
Medan
penglihatan
mata kiri
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Teleskop
Teleskop
Mikroskop
Mikroskop
Alat
Alat untuk
untuk mengatasi
mengatasi
had
had penglihatan
penglihatan
Kanta
Kanta
pembesar
pembesar
Binokular
Binokular
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Bunyi merambat
dalam garis lurus
Bunyi dihasilkan
oleh getaran
Sifat-sifat
Sifat-sifat
bunyi
bunyi
Bunyi boleh
diserap atau
dipantulkan
Bunyi memerlukan
medium untuk
dipindahkan
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Bunyi memerlukan medium untuk dipindahkan
Bunyi boleh dipindahkan melalui pepejal,
cecair dan gas
Bunyi tidak boleh dipindahkan melalui vakum
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Bunyi boleh diserap atau dipantulkan
Pemantul bunyi yang baik : Permukaan keras
dan lembut
Penyerap bunyi yang baik : Permukaan lembut
dan kasar
Gema adalah pantulan bunyi
Cara untuk mengurangkan gema
* Alas lantai dengan karpet
* Alas dinding dengan papan lembut atau
kain langsing
* Alas kerusi dengan kusyen
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Kecacatan
Kecacatan pendengaran
pendengaran
Jenis 1 Kerosakan bahagian luar dan tengah telinga
Termasuklah tahi telinga tersumbat, gegendang
telinga rosak, kecacatan semasa lahir dan jangkitan
telinga
Jenis 2 Kerosakan bahagian dalam telinga
disebabkan oleh jangkitan bakteria, terlalu terdedah
kepada bunyi bising dan ketumbuhan
Dibetulkan dengan penggunaan alat bantuan
pendengaran
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Had
Had pendengaran
pendengaran
Manusia normal boleh mengesan bunyi di antara
20 Hz to 20 000 Hz
Kita tidak boleh mendengar bunyi yang terlalu
perlahan
Bunyi yang melebihi 20 000 Hz dipanggil ultrasonik
Kecacatan had pendengaran boleh diatasi dengan
* Stetoskop
* Pembesar suara
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1.8 bunyi dan Pendengaran

Pendengaran
Pendengaran stereofonik
stereofonik
Pendengaran stereofonik ialah pendengaran
dengan menggunakan kedua-dua belah telinga
Membolehkan manusia mengenal pasti arah
bunyi
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1.9 Rangsangan dan Gerak Balas

dalam Tumbuhan
Gerak balas kepada

cahaya fototropisme
Gerak balas kepada

graviti- geotropisme
Tropisme
Tropisme
Gerak balas kepada

sentuhan tigmotropisme
Gerak balas kepada

air hidrotropisme
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dalam Tumbuhan
Gerak balas kepada cahaya
fototropisme
Tumbuhan yang bergerak
balas kepada cahaya
dipanggil fototropisme
Tumbuhan memerlukan
cahaya untuk membuat
makanan semasa fotosintesis
Tumbuhan akan membesar
dengan adanya cahaya
Cahaya
Cahaya
Keputusan menunjukkan
pucuk membengkok ke
arah cahaya
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dalam Tumbuhan
Gerak balas kepada graviti -geotropisme
Tumbuhan yang bergerak balas kepada graviti dipanggil
geotropisme
Walaupun anda menanam bijih benih dengan cara yang
salah, pucuk benih akan juga membesar menjauhi
graviti dan akar akan membesar mendekati graviti
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dalam Tumbuhan
Gerak balas kepada air -hidrotropisme
Tumbuhan yang bergerak balas
kepada air dipanggil hidrotropisme
Akar akan membesar mendekati air
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dalam Tumbuhan
Gerak balas kepada sentuhan - tigmotropisme
Tumbuhan yang bergerak balas kepada
tumbuhan dipanggil tigmotropisme
Pertumbuhan langsung bahagian tumbuhan
terutamanya sulur paut
Contoh : Pokok timun sulur paut di sekeliling
struktur sokongannya
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dalam Tumbuhan
Gerak
Gerak balas
balas nastik
nastik
Gerak balas tumbuhan kepada rangsangan
yang datang daripada pelbagai arah dipanggil
gerak balas nastik
Gerak balas ini tidak bergantung kepada arah
rangsangan
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TAMAT

Chapter 1 Science Form 2

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Chapter 1 Science Form 2

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BM Version

Chapter 1 : The World through Our

Chapter 1 : The World through Our

Chapter 1 : The World Through Our

1.1 Sensory Organs

1.1 Sensory Organs

1.1 Sensory Organs

1.1 Sensory Organs

1.1 Sensory Organs

1.1 Sensory Organs

1.1 Sensory Organs

1.1 Sensory Organs

1.2 Sense of Touch

1.2 Sense of Touch

1.2 Sense of Touch

1.3 Sense of Smell

1.4 Sense of Taste

1.5 Sense of Hearing

Middle ear Inner ear

1.5 Sense of Hearing

Collect sound waves

Directs the sound waves to the eardrum

Vibrates and transmits the sound

1.5 Sense of Hearing

Transfers the vibration of sound

Equalises the air pressure on

1.5 Sense of Hearing

Semicircular Balances the body by detecting the

1.6 Sense of Sight

1.6 Sense of Sight

Change the thickness of the lens

Helps focus an image. It is held in place by the

1.6 Sense of Sight

The protective, white outer layer of the eye

A jelly that fills the back of the eye

Contains light sensitive cells. The retina

Receives nerve impulses from the

1.6 Sense of Sight

A spot where the optic nerve

Hold the lens in its position

A watery liquid that fills the front

1.6 Sense of Sight

A transparent window in front of the eye

Controls how much light enters the

1.7 Light and Sight

1.7 Light and Sight

1.7 Light and Sight

1.7 Light and Sight

1.7 Light and Sight

1.7 Light and Sight

1.7 Light and Sight

1.7 Light and Sight

1.7 Light and Sight

1.7 Light and Sight

1.7 Light and Sight

The blind spot

1.7 Light and Sight

1.7 Light and Sight

1.7 Light and Sight

1.7 Light and Sight

Visual field Visual field

1.7 Light and Sight

1.8 Sound and Hearing

1.8 Sound and Hearing