Codes and Standards

Why Codes?
1.For scientific design of Piping Systems
2.Selection of proper material of construction
3.To detail out the material specifications
Why Standardization?
It can reduce cost, inconvenience, and confusion
that result from unnecessary and undesirable
differences in systems, components and procedures.
Who published codes and standards?
Industry standards are published by professional
societies, committees and trade organizations.
Codes are often developed by the same organization
that develops Standards. The development has a
lot of scientific information and knowledge that is
used, although the final recommended thing may
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1
look
very simple and 3CH2101-Piping
easy to Design
use.

Codes and Standards

What is Code?
Code is basically a standard that has been
generally accepted by the government.
What is the objective of Code?
The objective of each code is to ensure public
and industrial safety in a particular activity
or equipment.
These organizations
also develop Good
Engineering Practices (GEPs) and publish the
same as Recommended Practices. The
following definitions are generally accepted.

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3CH2101-Piping Design

Codes and Standards

Definitions:
CODE
A group of general rules or systematic procedures for design,
fabrication, installation and inspection prepared in such a
manner that it can be adopted by legal jurisdiction and made into
law.
STANDARDS
Documents
prepared
by
a professional group or
committee which are believed to represent good and proper
engineering practices and which contain
mandatory
requirements. The users are responsible for the correct
application of the same. Compliance with a standard does
not itself confer immunity from legal obligation.
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3CH2101-Piping Design

Recommended
Practices:and Standards
Codes
Documents prepared by a professional group or
committee indicating good engineering practices
but which are optional as far as their use is
concerned.
It is a subjective decision of an engineer or a team
of engineers to use such practices or not to use
them.
Companies also develop Guides in order to have
consistency in the documentation. These cover
various engineering methods, which are considered
good practices, without specific recommendation or
requirements.
Codes and Standards, apart from being
regulations, might be considered as design aids
since they provide guidance from experts.
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3CH2101-Piping Design

Codes and Standards

Recommended Practices:
Each country has its own set of Codes and
Standards for various engineering applications.
On global basis, American National Standards are
undoubtedly the most widely used and compliance
with those requirements are accepted world over. In
India, other than American Standards, European
Norms and Indian Standards are also used for the
design and selection of equipment and piping
systems. Similarly, there would
be
certain
preferences for certain codes and standards by the
customers for the respective country.

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3CH2101-Piping Design

Codes and Standards

The major organizations which have developed
standards are listed in the following table:
Sr.
No.

Country

Organization

United States

American National Standard

Institute

ANSI

Canada

Standard Council of Canada

SCC

France

Association Francaise

United
Kingdom

British Standards Institute

BSI

Europe

Committee of European
Normalization

CEN

Germany

Deutsches Institute Fur

Normung

DIN

Japan

Japanese Industrial Standard

Committee

JISC

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India

3CH2101-Piping Design

Bureau of Indian Standards

Abbreviat
ion

AFNOR

BIS

ISO:

Piping Codes and

worldwideStandards
federation of national

It is a
standards
bodies from some 100 countries, one from each country.
The work of preparing International Standards is
normally carried out through ISO technical committees.
Each member body interested in a subject for which a
technical committee (ISO/TC) has been established has
the right to be represented on that committee.
International organizations, governmental and nongovernmental both, in liaison with ISO also take part in
the work.
The main task of the technical committee is to prepare
International Standards.
Draft International Standards adopted by technical
committees are circulated to member bodies for voting.
Publication as an International Standard requires
approval by at least 75% of the member bodies casting
votes.
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3CH2101-Piping Design

Piping Codes and

Standards
American Standards:
Not all American standards are issued directly
by American National Standards Institute.
The material standards are covered under ASTM
(American Society for Testing
and Materials)
Dimensional standards under ANSI (American
National Standards
Institute)/ASME
(American
Society of Mechanical Engineers).

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3CH2101-Piping Design

American Standards:
Piping
Codes
and
The American Standards referred by
Piping
Standards
Engineers are mainly
the standards by:
1.The American Petroleum Institute (API)
2. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers
(ASME)
3. The American Society for Testing and Materials
(ASTM)
4. The American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI)
5. The American National Standards Institute
(ANSI)
6. The American Welding Society (AWS)
7. The American Water Works Association (AWWA)
8. The Manufacturers Standardization Society of
Valves and
Fitting Industry Standard Practices
(MSS-SP)
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3CH2101-Piping Design

Piping Codes and

American Standards:
Standards

1.The American Petroleum Institute (API)

API STANDARDS
The API standards generally referred by the Piping
Engineers are:
Sr.
No.

API Standard

Application(s)

APL 5L

Specification for line pipe

API 6D/ ISO

14313

Pipe line
Valves,End
closures, Connectors and Swivels

API 6F

Recommended Practices for Fire

Test for valves

API 570

Inspection, Repair, Alteration and

Re-rating of in-service piping
systems

API 571

Damage Mechanism affecting Fixed

Equipment in the Refining Industry

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Piping Codes and

American Standards:
Standards

1.The American Petroleum Institute (API)

API STANDARDS
The API standards generally referred by the Piping
Engineers are:
Sr.
No.

API Standard

Application(s)

ANSI/API RP 574

Inspection Practices for Piping

System Components

API 593

Ductile Iron Plug

Valves flanged ends

API 594

Check Valves, Wafer, Wafer lug and

Double flanged Type

API 598

Valve Inspection and Test

10

API 599

Metal Plug Valves

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Piping Codes and

American Standards:
Standards

1.The American Petroleum Institute (API)

API STANDARDS
The API standards generally referred by the Piping
Engineers are:
Sr.
No.

API
Standard

Application(s)

11

ANSI/API
600/ ISO
10434

Steel Gate Valves

12

ANSI/API
602/ ISO
15761

Compact Design carbon steel Gate,

Globe and Check valves 100 NB

13

API 603

Corrosion Resistant Gate Valves

14

API 604

Ductile Iron Gate Valves flanged ends

15

API 607

Fire test for soft- seated ball valves

16
API 608
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Metal
Ball Valves
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Piping Codes and

American Standards:
1.The American Petroleum
Institute (API)
Standards
API STANDARDS
The API standards generally referred by the Piping
Engineers are:
Sr.
No.

API
Standard

Application(s)

18

API 610

Centrifugal Pumps for Petroleum, Petrochemical

and Natural Gas Industries

19

ANSI/ API
RP 621

Reconditioning of Metallic Gate, Globe & Check

Valves

20

API RP 941 Steel for Hydrogen Service at Elevated Temp. &

Pressures

21

API RP
1102

Steel Pipeline Crossing Rail Roads & Highways

22

API 1104

Standard for Welding Pipeline and facilities

23

API RP
1110

Pressure testing of liquid petroleum lines

2402/02/15API 2009

Safe Welding,
Cutting
and Hot Work Practices in13
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Design

American Standards:
Piping Codes and
4. The American Iron
and Steel Institute (AISI)
Standards

AISI STANDARDS
The American Iron and Steel Institute standards
specify the material by its
chemical properties.
When specific mode of manufacture of the element
is not the concern, then the material can be
identified
by the AISI standards. The most
commonly used AISI specifications are:
1)
2)
Steel
3)
Steel
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AISI 410 AISI 304 -

13% Chromium Alloy Steel

18/8 Austenitic Stainless

AISI 316 -

18/8/3 Austenitic Stainless

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14

American Standards:
Piping Codes and
2. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Standards
(ASME)
In 1978, ANSI B31 committee was reorganized as
ASME Code for Pressure Piping
B31 committee.
Subsequently, the code designation was changed.
ASME B31 Code for Pressure Piping is at present a
non-mandatory code in USA, though these are
adopted as legal requirement.

Sr.
No.

ASME
Code

Application(s)

ASME B
31.1

Power Piping

ASME B
31.2

Fuel Gas Piping

ASME B
31.3

Process Piping

ASME B
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Pipeline Transportation System

3CH2101-Piping
Design
hydrocarbon
and
other liquids

for

liquid
15

Piping Codes and

Standards

American Standards:
2. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
In 1978, ANSI B31 committee was reorganized as ASME Code
for Pressure Piping B31 committee. Subsequently, the code
designation was changed. ASME B31 Code for Pressure Piping
is at present a non-mandatory code in USA, though these
are adopted as legal requirement.
Sr.
No.

ASME
Code

Application(s)

ASME B
31.9

Building Services Piping

ASME B
31.11

Slurry Transportation Piping Systems

ASME B 31E Standard for Seismic Design and Retrofit of

Above-Ground Piping Systems
Of the above, the most commonly used code is ASME B 31.3.
10 Refineries
ASME and
B
Manual plants
for determining
chemical
are designed the
basedremaining
on the
31.G
strength of corroded piping - A supplement to
same. All power plants are designed as per ASME B31.1. If you
ASME B31.
are a piping engineer, you are likely to face up to 31.3
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Design
16
more
else.

Piping Codes and

American Standards:
Standards
2. The American Society
of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
Other major ASME dimensional standards referred for the piping
elements are:
Sr.
ASME Code Application(s)
No.
1

ASME B 1.1

Unified Inch Screw Threads

ASME B
1.20.1

Pipe Threads general purpose (Ex ANSI

B2.1)

ASME B 16.1 Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings

ASME B 16.3 Malleable Iron Threaded Fittings.

ASME B 16.4 Cast Iron Threaded Fittings

ASME B 16.5 Steel Pipe flanges and Flanged Fittings

ASME B 16.9 Steel Butt Welding Fittings

ASME B
16.10

ASME B
02/02/15 16.11

Face to face and end to end dimensions of

Valves
Forged steel Socket welding and Threaded
3CH2101-Piping Design
17
fittings

Piping Codes and

Standards

American Standards:
2. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
Other major ASME dimensional standards referred for the piping
elements are:
Sr.
No.

ASME
Code

Application(s)

11

ASME B
16.21

Non-Metallic Gasket for pipe flanges

12

ASME B
16.24

Cast copper Alloy Pipe Flanges and Flanged

Fittings

13

ASME B
16.25

Butt Welding Ends

14

ASME B
16.28

Short Radius Elbows and Returns

15

ASME B
16.34

Steel Valves, flanged and butt welding ends.

16

ASME B
16.42

Ductile Iron Pipe Flanges & Flanged FittingsClass

150 and 300

17

ASME B
16.47

Large Diameter Steel Flanges NPS 26 to 60

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Piping Codes and

Standards
American Standards:
3. The American Society for Testing and Materials
(ASTM)
ASTM standards consist of 16 sections on definitions
and classifications of materials of construction and
stipulated test methods. Most of the ASTM material
standards are adapted by ASME and are specified in
ASME Section II. ASME Section II has four parts.
Part-A - Ferrous materials specifications
Part-B - Non-ferrous materials specification
Part-C -Specification for welding materials
Part-D - Properties of materials.
In Part-II, the materials are listed in the Index based
on the available forms such as plates, castings, tubes,
etc. and also on the numerical index.
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Piping Codes and

Standards
American Standards:
3. The American Society for Testing and Materials
(ASTM)
The selection of ASTM specification depends upon
the type of manufacture, form of material,
its
mechanical strength and the corrosion properties.
The specification number is given on Alphabetical
prefix, A for Ferrous materials and B for Non-ferrous
materials.
ASTM also specifies standard practices for
numbering metal and alloys as Unified Numbering
System (UNS).
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20

Piping Codes and

Standards

British Standards (BS):

In many instances, it is possible to find a British Standard, which
may be substituted for American Standards. Now the Committee
for European Normalization is issuing standards replacing different
standards in force in the European countries. Accordingly, lot of BS
and DIN standards are getting replaced by CEN standards. These
exist in three official versions; English, French & German.

There are certain British Standards referred to by Indian

Manufacturers for the construction of piping elements such as
valves. The most commonly referred British Standards in the
Piping
Industry
are:
Sr.
BS
Application(s)
No.
1

BS 10

Flanges

BS
916

Black Bolts, Nuts and Screws (current, obsolescent)

BS
970

Steel for forging, bars, rods, valve steel, etc. (Replaced

by BS 3410)

BS
02/02/15
1306

Copper and Copper alloy Pressure Piping System

3CH2101-Piping Design

21

There are certain other International Standards also referred in

the Piping Industry. They are the DIN standards of Germany
and the JISC standards of Japan. DIN standards are more
popular and equivalent British and Indian standards are also
available for certain piping elements. Now the DIN and BS
Standards are getting replaced by European Norms.

Piping Codes and

Standards

Periodic review of the standards by the committee is held and

these are revised to incorporate the modified features based on
the results of research and feedback from the industry. Although
some
technological
lags
are unavoidable, these are kept
minimum by such updations. Hence, it is necessary that the
latest editions of the codes and standards are referred for the
design and the year of publication is also indicated along with
the choice of a specific standard.
What is most important for any engineer is to note that almost
every aspect of engineering is covered by
available codes
and standards. What set of codes and standards are to be used in
a project is generally decided in the beginning of the project in
what is called by some as a Design Conference. Many of these get
mentioned in the piping class document as far as piping
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3CH2101-Piping Design
22
engineering is concerned. We then abide by these agreed

Piping Codes and

SELECTION OF DESIGN CODE
Standards

Codes are continuously revised.

Like popular books, the standards institutions also
release newer and newer editions of their codes,
called issues.
Unless agreement is specifically made between the
contracting parties to use another issue or the
regulatory body having jurisdiction imposes the use
of another issue, the latest edition and addenda
issued 6 months prior to the original contract date
will hold good for the first phase of the completion
of work and initial operation.
It is the responsibility of the user to select the
Code Section, which most nearly applies to a
proposed piping installation.
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Piping Codes and

SELECTION OF DESIGN
CODE
Standards

Factors to be considered while selecting

applicable code include:

Technical
limitations
of
the
Code
Section,
jurisdictional requirements and the applicability of
other Codes and Standards.
Once selected, all applicable requirements of the
selected Code shall be met.
For some installations, more than one Code
Section may apply to different parts of the
installation. The user is responsible for imposing
requirements supplementary to those of the Code if
necessary to assure safe piping for the proposed
installation.
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SELECTION OF
DESIGNCodes
CODE and
Piping

Standards
Factors to be considered while selecting
applicable code include:

When no section of the Code specifically covers

proposed installation, the user has the discretion to
select any section determined to be generally
applicable.
However,
it
is
cautioned
that
supplementary requirements to the section chosen
may
be
necessary to provide for safe piping
system for the intended application.
The Code sets forth engineering requirements
deemed necessary for the safe design and
construction of pressure piping.
While safety is the
basic consideration, this factor alone will not
necessarily govern the final specification for any
02/02/15 installation.
3CH2101-Piping Design
25
piping

SELECTION OF DESIGN CODE

Piping Codes and

Factors to be Standards
considered while selecting
applicable code include:
The Code prohibits designs and practices known to
be unsafe and contains warnings where caution, but
not prohibition, is warranted. The designer is
cautioned that the Code is not a design
handbook; it does not do away with the need
for the engineer or competent engineering
judgement.
If codes were everything and our job is to simply
do as directed, why would we need courses such as
this
course on piping design. Never get into a
mindset that engineers job is only to abide by codes
and nothing else. There is a lot of decision making
that you will have to do using your feel and
knowledge of the situation. Codes are our aids in this
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Design
26
job.
Consider codes3CH2101-Piping
as our
assistants and not