Introduction To Linguistics

" Phonology "

The lecturer : Mr. IRWANDI, S.S.,M.Pd.

The fourth group :

1. Yesi Fitriani
(2311.014)
2. Dini Sastra
(2311.017)
3. Yulia Ferdaneli
(2311.018)
4. Iis Andayani
(2311.020)

Definition

Phonology is the study of the sound pattern

found in human language.

The kind of things that speakers know about the

sound system of their language.
1. phonemes
2. phonemes, Phones, And Allophones
3. Sequences of Phonemes
4. Natural classes
5. The Rule of Phonology

1. Phonemes

Means that study of speech sound that

differential meaning units in a language.

The relationship between the form and the

meaning of a word is arbitrary.
Ex :
Sink
fine
chunk
Zink
vine
junk

A. Minimal Pairs
Are sound segment that occurs in the same place in the string.
Ex: Minimal pairs
Sink
fine
chunk
Zink
vine
junk

That are not minimal pairs:

Ex:
Seed
(sid) and
soup
(sup)
Bar
(bar) and
rod (rad)
Meaning contrasts
Ex:
Sin
thin
(s) ( )
Mote note
(m) (n)

mesher measure
high
why

() ()
(h) (w)

B. Form and Meaning

One meaning (of each word) is represented by two
different phonemic forms.
Ex:
Economics ( iknmiks ) , ( knmiks )
(i)
()
Ration ( re n ) ( r n )
(e) ()
Homonym is same form but different in meaning ex: (read)
(read)
Homophones is the same sound ex: (sol) sole or soul .
(new) (knew) (see) (sea)

C. Distinctive Features

Is difference between the substituted

sounds.
Ex:
Bat (bt)
(voice)
mat (mt)
(nasal)
See (si)
(voicless) zee (zi)
(voice)

D. Sound That Arent Phonemes

Ex:
Bean
(bin)
bead (bid)
Roam (rom)
robe (rob)

2. Phonemes, Phone, and

Allophone
A. Definition
Means is a more abstract unit
Means is a phonetic unit or segment
Means is the different phones that represent or
are derived from one phoneme.
a. For different between phonemes and phone use
slashes / /
Ex: bead and bean as /i/
b. For different between phonemes and phonetic
segment [ ]
Ex: bead [bid] and bean [bin]

B. Predictability of Redundant features

English phonology
The voiceless aspirated stops [ph] [th] [kh]
The voiceless unaspirated stops [p] [t] [k]

ph

Th

kh

Pill
(phil)
Paa
Tam
kat

Till
(thil)

Kill
(khill)

Spill
(spil)
Phaa
Tham
Khat

Still
(still)

Skill
(skil)

Voiceles
s

aspir ated

voiceles
s

unaspirat ed

C. Free Variation
Two language may have the same phonetic
segments but a different set of phonemes.

3. Sequences of Phonemes

By Colin Cherry, on human communication said that if you were

to receive the following telegram, you would have no difficulty in
correcting the obvious mistakes.
Ex:
Best wishes for very happ birtfday
I just bought a beautiful new blick.
But:
I just bought a beautiful new bkli.
Note :
Ample
-mpbut no -mtAmble
-mbbut no -mdAntler
-ntbut no -npHomorganic consonant are those which are articulated at the same
place of articulation, that is, labial, alveolar, palatal, velar
Ex: bad and pat (labiodental)

4. Natural Classes
A natural class is one in which the number of features which must be
specified to define that class is smaller than the number of features
required to distinguish any member of that class.
Ex:
The class of voiceless stop-/p,t,k/-can be specified by two feature: continuant
-voice
but /p/ alone would require 4 features:
-continuant
-voice
+anterior
-coronal
If only /p/ and /t/ were aspirated, would have to refer to the class of
sound:
-continuant
-voiced
+anterior

5. The Rule of Phonology

They are part of grammar:
1). Nasalize vowels and diphthong before
nasals.
Ex: beam
2). Aspirate voiceless stops at the beginning
of a word or syllable before stressed vowels
(and optimally at the end of a word).
Ex:

Thank you