JUNE 200

June 2003

Welcome
2003, Exide Industries Limited. All rights reeserved.

JUNE 200

June 2003

Seminar On Standby Batteries

2003, Exide Industries Limited. All rights reeserved.

Selection Of Batteries For Generating

Station And Substation

Exide Industries
Limited

Application :
Unit Battery
Substation Battery
PLCC
24/26v C & I Battery
UPS Battery
Battery for VHF set

February
3, 2015

2003, All rights reeserved.

Battery Is Considered To Be The

HEARTOf The Power Plant
Battery provides the ultimate and final DC backup for operating emergency equipments which
power the turbo generators (viz. emergency oil
pumps etc.)
DC power for operation of all switchgear,
protection relays, indicating lamps and facia
Power for emergency lighting within the
generating station building
Uninterrupted power for controlling C & I
equipment and associated ups systems
Power for vital communication equipment (plcc),
essential for resynchronising the unit with the grid
or for reviving the grid in the case of a major grid
failure

Exide Industries
Limited

February
3, 2015

2003, All rights reeserved.

What If The Battery Fails In An

Emergency

Exide Industries
Limited

Unit Battery
The emergency oil pump will not operate which
could lead to seizure of the rotor bearings
Loss of hundred of crores of rupees towards
repairing the rotor and generation revenue loss
while the unit is out of commission
Switchgear associated with generator may not trip
which could lead to generating transformer
damage
Failure of instrumentation and control
Total darkness in the powerhouse

February
3, 2015

2003, All rights reeserved.

Exide Industries
Limited

Substation
Switchgear and relays will not operate causing
extensive damage to transformers and power lines

PLCC
Extremely difficult to resynchronise the unit with the
grid
Major setback in the process of reviving the grid in
the event of a regional grid failure
If the battery fails while the unit is in operation, it
may become essential to shutdown

February
3, 2015

2003, All rights reeserved.

The Single Most Important Feature Of

Batteries For Power Sector Application Is

Exide Industries
Limited

Reliability
Reliable standby power source
Deliver power as and when called for
Full capacity at any point of time in service life
Predictability

February
3, 2015

2003, All rights reeserved.

What Is A Battery ?

Exide Industries
Limited

A battery is an array of similar electrical

storage cells

February
3, 2015

2003, All rights reeserved.

What Is an Electrical Storage Cell ?

Exide Industries
Limited

An electrical storage cell consists of two dissimilar

electrodes immersed in an electrolyte.
It stores electrical energy in form of chemical
energy.
When the circuit is made between its positive &
negative electrodes, there is a chemical reaction
in the cell and it delivers electricity Direct
Current (D.C) through the circuit.

February
3, 2015

2003, All rights reeserved.

Family Tree Of Electrical Storage Cells

Primary Cell
Litihium
Oxide

Ammonium
Chloride

Exide Industries
Limited

Secondary Cell
Silver
Oxide

Alkaline
Cells
Ni Cad

Lead Acid
Cells
NiFe
SLI or
Industrial
Automotive

Standby

VRLA Fiat Pasted Tubular Plant

Motive Power

Traction
Lighting

Train
Starter

Diesel

EMU

10

February
3, 2015

2003, All rights reeserved.

What Is A Lead Acid Battery ?

Exide Industries
Limited

Basic electrochemical reaction participants :

_

LEAD DIOXIDE

SOFT LEAD

H2S04 - ELECTROLYTE

Positive Electrode

PbO2

Negative Electrode

Pb

Electrolyte

H2SO4

11

February
3, 2015

2003, All rights reeserved.

How Does A Lead Acid Battery Work ?

Charged
+ve

-ve

Pbo2 +

Pb

Lead
Spongy
Peroxide Lead

Exide Industries
Limited

Discharged
electrolyte
+ 2H2SO4
Dilute
SulphurAcid

+ve

-ve

PbSO4 + PbSO4 + 2H2O

Lead
Lead
Sulphate Sulphate

Water

12

February
3, 2015

2003, All rights reeserved.

Types Of Plates

Exide Industries
Limited

A. Positive

Plant Type :

Cast out of 99.99% pure Lead

has a fine lamaellar structure

Flat Pasted Type

Grid holds the active material and

carries the current

Tubular Type :

Red lead (Pb3O4) and Grey

oxide (PbO) mixture is filled
in tubes and spine of leadalloy runs through the centre of
entire tube length. Tube retails
the active material firmly and
spine carries the current

B. Negative

Flat pasted type always

13

February
3, 2015

2003, All rights reeserved.

Flat Pasted Plates

Exide Industries
Limited

CHARGE / DISCHARGE CYCLES

FAILURE BY SHEDDING
MAXIMUM 200 CYCLES

14

February
3, 2015

2003, All rights reeserved.

Features Of Automotive Flat Plate

Grid
Active Material

Exide Industries
Limited

: (Current Collector) cast into a lattice

structure
: Pasted on to the lattice

Suited For :
High current discharge
Short backup time (Shallow) discharge
Non-cyclic application

15

February
3, 2015

2003, All rights reeserved.

Tubular Plate

Exide Industries
Limited

LUG

TUBE

BOTTOM BAR
CONSTRUCTION OF TUBULAR
POSITIVE PLATE

16

February
3, 2015

2003, All rights reeserved.

Cross-Section Of Tubular Plate

Exide Industries
Limited

RESIN SHEATH

SPINE

ACTIVE MATERIAL

TUBE

SPINE (LEAD ALLOY)

ACTIVE MATERIAL
(LEAD OXIDE)
TUBE
RESIN CURED
(TERYLENE GAUNTLET)

BOTTOM BAR

SECTION YY

SECTION XX

CONSTRUCTION OF TUBULAR POSITIVE PLATE (contd.)

17

February
3, 2015

2003, All rights reeserved.

Features Of Tubular Positive

Grid

Active Material

Exide Industries
Limited

: Cast in the form of a series of

rods (Spines) attached to a
common bar
: Physically packed around
spine and retained in position
by a synthetic material jacket
(Gauntlet)

Suited For :
Extended backup time ( Deep) discharge
Cyclic (Repeated charge discharge) application

18

February
3, 2015

2003, All rights reeserved.

Features Of Plant Positive Plate

Grid / Plate
Active Material

Exide Industries
Limited

: Cast of 99.99% pure lead

: No externally incorporated
active material, surface layer
of grid itself is converted to
active material

Suited For :
High current discharges for short backup time
Highest reliability in terms of zero degradation
over a long service life

19

February
3, 2015

2003, All rights reeserved.

Plant Positive and Negative Plates

Negative Plate

Positive Plate

Exide Industries
Limited

20

February
3, 2015

2003, All rights reeserved.

Exide Plant Features

Exide Industries
Limited

High discharge voltage profile

Quick recharge
Low low maintenance
No performance degradation
Easy monitoring
Clean environment
Extended life
High salvage value

21

February
3, 2015

2003, All rights reeserved.

Advantage Plant

Exide Industries
Limited

Higher energy output compared to tubular

Lower capacity plant cells meet given application
Plant batteries give about 90% more energy
output than tubular of same capacity when
discharge at 3hr. Rate upto 1.90 V.P.C.

22

February
3, 2015

2003, All rights reeserved.

Advantage Plant

Exide Industries
Limited

Very low maintenance / topping up frequency

With ceramic vent plug, YHP range require topping
up once in 18 months
Tubulars need topping up once in 2 months

23

February
3, 2015

2003, All rights reeserved.

Advantage Plant

Exide Industries
Limited

Capable of rapid recharging

Due to lower internal resistance
Large surface area
Liberal amount of electrolyte
After deep discharge, maximum rate of 0.25X C10
upto 2.4 volts per cell

24

February
3, 2015

2003, All rights reeserved.

Advantage Plant

Exide Industries
Limited

100% capacity retention during life span

Capacity appreciates during life as follows :New Cell
100%

Upto 5 years Upto 8 years

110%

115%

12 years
125%

In the case of other batteries

There is a constant degradation of capacity throughout
service life
Maximum 20% degradation by end of service life
Necessitates addition of degradation factor during design
stage

25

February
3, 2015

2003, All rights reeserved.

Advantage Plant

Exide Industries
Limited

Visual assurance of batteries health

Transparent containers, easy inspection and
maintenance totally reliable
Other batteries have opaque / translucent
containers prevents visual monitoring, and can
lead to sudden failure during emergency due to
open circuit / short circuits

26

February
3, 2015

2003, All rights reeserved.

Exide Plant Cells Design And

Construction

Exide Industries
Limited

Conforms to IS 1652
High performance plant positive plates
Paste negative plates
Microporous ribbed separators
Transparent SAN containers
Moisture arresting and explosion proof
microporous vent plug

27

February
3, 2015

2003, All rights reeserved.

Exide Plant Range

Exide Industries
Limited

PLANT RANGE COMES IN 2V

CONFIGURATION ONLY

YAMP SERIES

16 Ah 64 Ah

YKP SERIES

75 Ah 400 Ah

YHP SERIES

535 Ah 2250 Ah

28

February
3, 2015

2003, All rights reeserved.

Plant Cells

Exide Industries
Limited

29

February
3, 2015

2003, All rights reeserved.

Maintenance

Exide Industries
Limited

Topping up
Charging
Checking and cleaning of terminals
In a lead acid battery, charging & cleaning /
checking of terminals cannot be avoided

30

February
3, 2015

2003, All rights reeserved.