Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
SeventhEdition
ByDavidA.Madsen,
TerenceM.Shumaker,
andDavidP.Madsen
Chapter6
SurveyingFundamentals
Figure 61: The diameter of the earth measured through the poles is approximately 27 miles less
than the diameter measured at the equator.
CivilDraftingTechnology,SeventhEdition
DavidA.Madsen,TerenceM.Shumaker,DavidP.Madsen
2010PearsonHigherEducation,
UpperSaddleRiver,NJ07458.AllRightsReserved.
Figure 62: The lengths of a 36-mile arc and a chord connecting the arcs ends vary by only 0.66 ft.
CivilDraftingTechnology,SeventhEdition
DavidA.Madsen,TerenceM.Shumaker,DavidP.Madsen
2010PearsonHigherEducation,
UpperSaddleRiver,NJ07458.AllRightsReserved.
Figure 63: A horizontal plane is only 0.66 ft above the earths surface at the end of a 1-mile arc.
CivilDraftingTechnology,SeventhEdition
DavidA.Madsen,TerenceM.Shumaker,DavidP.Madsen
2010PearsonHigherEducation,
UpperSaddleRiver,NJ07458.AllRightsReserved.
CivilDraftingTechnology,SeventhEdition
DavidA.Madsen,TerenceM.Shumaker,DavidP.Madsen
2010PearsonHigherEducation,
UpperSaddleRiver,NJ07458.AllRightsReserved.
Figure 65: A topographic survey is used to compile the information needed to create this
topographic map. (Reproduced by permission of the U.S. Geological Survey)
CivilDraftingTechnology,SeventhEdition
DavidA.Madsen,TerenceM.Shumaker,DavidP.Madsen
2010PearsonHigherEducation,
UpperSaddleRiver,NJ07458.AllRightsReserved.
Figure 66: A geodetic survey defines major control points that can be used for smaller surveys.
(Courtesy of National Geodetic Survey)
CivilDraftingTechnology,SeventhEdition
DavidA.Madsen,TerenceM.Shumaker,DavidP.Madsen
2010PearsonHigherEducation,
UpperSaddleRiver,NJ07458.AllRightsReserved.
Figure 67a: This type of aerial photograph has a small scale of 1 = 1700 and would be used for
project plan overview and preliminary studies. (Courtesy of Spencer B. Gross, Inc., Portland, Oregon)
CivilDraftingTechnology,SeventhEdition
DavidA.Madsen,TerenceM.Shumaker,DavidP.Madsen
2010PearsonHigherEducation,
UpperSaddleRiver,NJ07458.AllRightsReserved.
Figure 67b: This photo has a larger scale of 1 = 850 and would be used for preliminary studies,
map design, and GIS applications. (Courtesy of Spencer B. Gross, Inc., Portland, Oregon)
CivilDraftingTechnology,SeventhEdition
DavidA.Madsen,TerenceM.Shumaker,DavidP.Madsen
2010PearsonHigherEducation,
UpperSaddleRiver,NJ07458.AllRightsReserved.
Figure 67c: This type of 1 = 170 large-scale photo would be used for engineering and design
work. (Courtesy of Spencer B. Gross, Inc., Portland, Oregon)
CivilDraftingTechnology,SeventhEdition
DavidA.Madsen,TerenceM.Shumaker,DavidP.Madsen
10
2010PearsonHigherEducation,
UpperSaddleRiver,NJ07458.AllRightsReserved.
Figure 68: Specialized 3D stereoscopic mapping workstations and eyewear enable the CAD
operator to work in a 3D environment.
CivilDraftingTechnology,SeventhEdition
DavidA.Madsen,TerenceM.Shumaker,DavidP.Madsen
11
2010PearsonHigherEducation,
UpperSaddleRiver,NJ07458.AllRightsReserved.
CivilDraftingTechnology,SeventhEdition
DavidA.Madsen,TerenceM.Shumaker,DavidP.Madsen
12
2010PearsonHigherEducation,
UpperSaddleRiver,NJ07458.AllRightsReserved.
Figure 610: A route survey or an open traverse does not close on itself.
CivilDraftingTechnology,SeventhEdition
DavidA.Madsen,TerenceM.Shumaker,DavidP.Madsen
13
2010PearsonHigherEducation,
UpperSaddleRiver,NJ07458.AllRightsReserved.
Figure 611: Construction survey showing locations of corners and staking out of house with angles
and distances.
CivilDraftingTechnology,SeventhEdition
DavidA.Madsen,TerenceM.Shumaker,DavidP.Madsen
14
2010PearsonHigherEducation,
UpperSaddleRiver,NJ07458.AllRightsReserved.
Figure 612: An open traverse does not begin or end at a control point and cannot be easily
checked.
CivilDraftingTechnology,SeventhEdition
DavidA.Madsen,TerenceM.Shumaker,DavidP.Madsen
15
2010PearsonHigherEducation,
UpperSaddleRiver,NJ07458.AllRightsReserved.
Figure 613: A connecting traverse is one in which the beginning and end points are known.
CivilDraftingTechnology,SeventhEdition
DavidA.Madsen,TerenceM.Shumaker,DavidP.Madsen
16
2010PearsonHigherEducation,
UpperSaddleRiver,NJ07458.AllRightsReserved.
Figure 614: A loop traverse closes on itself and can be checked easily.
CivilDraftingTechnology,SeventhEdition
DavidA.Madsen,TerenceM.Shumaker,DavidP.Madsen
17
2010PearsonHigherEducation,
UpperSaddleRiver,NJ07458.AllRightsReserved.
Figure 615a: The robotic total station combines vertical and horizontal angle measurements with an
EDM. (Courtesy of Trimble Navigation)
CivilDraftingTechnology,SeventhEdition
DavidA.Madsen,TerenceM.Shumaker,DavidP.Madsen
18
2010PearsonHigherEducation,
UpperSaddleRiver,NJ07458.AllRightsReserved.
Figure 615b: A surveyor uses a control unit to operate the total station. (Courtesy of Trimble
Navigation)
CivilDraftingTechnology,SeventhEdition
DavidA.Madsen,TerenceM.Shumaker,DavidP.Madsen
19
2010PearsonHigherEducation,
UpperSaddleRiver,NJ07458.AllRightsReserved.
Figure 615c: A GPS receiver is mounted on top of a tracking target to provide accurate GPS data in
addition to the measurements taken by the total station. (Courtesy of Trimble Navigation)
CivilDraftingTechnology,SeventhEdition
DavidA.Madsen,TerenceM.Shumaker,DavidP.Madsen
20
2010PearsonHigherEducation,
UpperSaddleRiver,NJ07458.AllRightsReserved.
Figure 615d: Data recorded in an electronic total station can be saved in an electronic data
collector. (Courtersy of lopcon Positioning Systems, Inc.)
CivilDraftingTechnology,SeventhEdition
DavidA.Madsen,TerenceM.Shumaker,DavidP.Madsen
21
2010PearsonHigherEducation,
UpperSaddleRiver,NJ07458.AllRightsReserved.
CivilDraftingTechnology,SeventhEdition
DavidA.Madsen,TerenceM.Shumaker,DavidP.Madsen
22
2010PearsonHigherEducation,
UpperSaddleRiver,NJ07458.AllRightsReserved.
Figure 617: The foresight is measured by turning the instrument clockwise from the backsight in an
angles-tothe- right survey.
CivilDraftingTechnology,SeventhEdition
DavidA.Madsen,TerenceM.Shumaker,DavidP.Madsen
23
2010PearsonHigherEducation,
UpperSaddleRiver,NJ07458.AllRightsReserved.
Figure 618: An azimuth traverse measures each angle clockwise from north or south.
CivilDraftingTechnology,SeventhEdition
DavidA.Madsen,TerenceM.Shumaker,DavidP.Madsen
24
2010PearsonHigherEducation,
UpperSaddleRiver,NJ07458.AllRightsReserved.
Figure 619: A topographic map showing State Plane coordinates and UTM rectangular coordinates.
(Reproduced by permission of the U.S. Geological Survey)
CivilDraftingTechnology,SeventhEdition
DavidA.Madsen,TerenceM.Shumaker,DavidP.Madsen
25
2010PearsonHigherEducation,
UpperSaddleRiver,NJ07458.AllRightsReserved.
Figure 620: This surveyor is using a GNSS receiver and a handheld controller to record and
annotate global positioning system data. (Courtesy of Trimble Navigation)
CivilDraftingTechnology,SeventhEdition
DavidA.Madsen,TerenceM.Shumaker,DavidP.Madsen
26
2010PearsonHigherEducation,
UpperSaddleRiver,NJ07458.AllRightsReserved.
Figure 621: An example of a raw data file displayed in the Carlson Survey Edit/Process program.
(Courtesy Carlson Software)
CivilDraftingTechnology,SeventhEdition
DavidA.Madsen,TerenceM.Shumaker,DavidP.Madsen
27
2010PearsonHigherEducation,
UpperSaddleRiver,NJ07458.AllRightsReserved.
Figure 622: Surveyors can collect at least five pieces of data for a single point and store this as a
text point file in the total station data collector. The text file is then used to generate a digital terrain
model.
CivilDraftingTechnology,SeventhEdition
DavidA.Madsen,TerenceM.Shumaker,DavidP.Madsen
28
2010PearsonHigherEducation,
UpperSaddleRiver,NJ07458.AllRightsReserved.
Figure 623: Point files of project features, such as water line connections in a subdivision, can be
quickly laid out in the field by surveyors with an electronic robotic total station.
CivilDraftingTechnology,SeventhEdition
DavidA.Madsen,TerenceM.Shumaker,DavidP.Madsen
29
2010PearsonHigherEducation,
UpperSaddleRiver,NJ07458.AllRightsReserved.