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sntesis de pptidos
N
H
OH
H
H
L-Phenylalanine
N
Glycine
OH
PhePhe
Phe
GlyGly
PheGly
Gly
N
H
OH
H
H
N
Glycine
OH
H2N
H
H
OH
N
H
H
N
H2N
O
Gly-Phe
OH
Gly-Gly O
Phe-Gly
L-Phenylalanine
H2N
H
OH
H
N
H2 N
O
Phe-Phe
OH
N
H
OH
H
H
PG
O
O-Protected
Glycine
N-Protected
L-Phenylalanine
N-Nucleophile
C-Electrophile
Al proteger las cadenas laterales de los aminocidos tambin se est evitando
que estos reaccionen con los grupos amino o carboxilo de otros aminocidos, o
que den lugar a reacciones secundarias. Los grupos protectores tambin protegen
el carbono alfa de ser susceptible a racemizacin.
PG
protecting
group
Grupo protector
N
H
OH
H
H
Grupo protector
(Protecting group)
PG
O
Peptide
Coupling
H
PG
N
H
N
H
O
O
PG
PG-Phe-Gly-PG
N
H
N
H
PG
Deprotection
O
H3N
H
El grupo protector debe ser fcilmente removible
en condiciones suaves que no alteren la
formacin del enlace peptdico al final o en
fases intermediarias de la sntesis.
Phe-Gly
N
H
O
O
H
OH
N
H
Gly-Gly
Phe-Gly
H
N
H2N
O
Gly-Phe
H2N
O
OH
H
OH
H
N
H2N
O
OH
Phe-Phe
Amine
Amide Derivative
O
H2N
Nucleophilic
Atom
OR
H
N
R2
O
Non-Nucleophilic
Atom
OR
2.
3.
O
Cl
Benzyloxycarbonyl
chloride
(Cbz-Cl)
N
H
Benzyloxycarbonyl
group
H3N
O
O
O
H3N
H
Cl
1. NaOH
H2O
Cl
2. H3O+
(85%)
Cloruro de
benciloxicarbonilo
O
(Cbz-Cl)
O
Fenilalanina
H (Phe)
N
O
(85%)
OH
1. NaOH
H2O
2. H3O+
Grupo benciloxicarbonilo
H
N
Complejo Cbz-phe
OH
Hidrogenlisis (hidrogenacin
cataltica) de grupos Cbz
Formacin de ster etlico (-COOCH2CH3 -COOet)
H
N
N
H
+ CH3CH2OH
H
N
N
H
OEt
hidrogenacin
La
cataltica usualmente es
llevada acabo con 80% de cido actico y 10%
H
O
de paladio a presin y temp amb. Mtodo
Toluene
O
confiable.
Limitante: el catalizador
H puede ser
(volatile)
Carbamic
Acid
OEt
(Very Unstable)
OEt
degradado por azufre HO
(si en Nla secuencia
N
H H
peptdica se encuentran aminocidos
azufrados
O
O
Cys, Met).
N
H
Hidrogenlisis:
O
H2C
H
N
HO
H
H2C
OE
O
Carbamic Acid
(Very Unstable)
Spontaneous
decarboxylation
H2, Pd/C
solvent
H2C
O
H2, Pd/C
solvent
H
N
HO
Toluene
(volatile)
O-CH2CH3
OEt
N
H
H2, Pd/C
solvent
Complejo Cbzaminocido
Toluene
(volatile)
HCl
OH
OEt
H
N
N
H
H2N
OEt
O
Carbamic Acid
(Very Unstable)
H
O
C
O
N
H
OEt
O
(100%)
El cido carbmico
obtenido
de
la
hidrogenlisis sufre
descarboxilacin
espontnea
(liberacin de CO2)
H
N
N
H
OEt
O
HBr
acetic acid
O
Br H3N
H2C
Br
N
H
O
C
O
OEt
O
(82%)
Recuperacin
fcil:
El
producto
desprotegido puede ser precipitado como
una sal de hidrobromuro cuando se le
agrega ter.
O
N
H
tert-Butyloxycarbonyl
group
O
O
O
O
Di-tert-butyl dicarbonate
(Boc 'anhydride')
O
O
Cl
tert-Butyl chloride
(instablity limits use)
tert-Butyloxycarbonyl is Abbreviated to
Boc
H
N
O
O
OH
Boc-Phe
Boc
H
N
OH
H
N
OEt
N
H
O
O
F3C
OH
O
F3C
Butene
(volatile)
H
O
C
H3C
CH3
trifluoroacetic
acid
O
O
H3N
H
N
H
OEt
O
(high yield)
27.16
Carboxyl Group
Protection
be
cleaved
by
Simultaneous Hydrogenolysis
of Cbz Group and Benzyl Ester
O
H
N
N
H
O
H2, Pd/C
solvent
H
N
HO
H2C
Toluene
(volatile)
N
H
OH
O
Carbamic Acid
(Very Unstable)
Simultaneous Hydrogenolysis
of Cbz Group and Benzyl Ester
H
N
HO
O
N
H
OEt
O
Spontaneous
decarboxylation
O
H2N
H
N
H
O
C
O
(87%)
OEt
O
27.17
Peptide Bond
Formation
N,N'-Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) is
a Powerful Dehydrating Agent
H
O
R1
O
R1
H
O
Very high
temps
R2
R2
O
N
H
O
R1
N
H
'H2O'
-H2O
R2
N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
H
N
Amide
N
H
N,N'-dicyclohexylurea
N
H
OH
H
H
Peptide
Coupling
H
PG
PG
-H2O
N
H
N
H
O
O
PG
Cbz
N
H
OH
Et
DCC, CHCl3
H
Cbz
N
H
N
H
(83%)
O
O
Et
Mechanism of DCC-Promoted
Coupling
H
Cbz
N
H
OH
1,2-Addition
H
Cbz
N
H
N
O
N
H
O-Acylisourea
derivative
O-Acylisoureas are
Powerful Acylating
Agents
The O-acylisourea
intermediate
formed by addition
of the Cbzprotected amino
acid to DCCI is
similar in structure
to an acid
anhydride and acts
as an acylating
agent.
H
Cbz
N
H
O-Acylisourea
Derivative
O
H3C
O
O
CH3
Acid
Anhydride
Mechanism of DCC-Promoted
Coupling
H
Cbz
N
O
H
Attack by the
amine function
of the carboxylprotected
amino acid on
the carbonyl
group leads to
nucleophilic
acyl
substitution.
N
H
1,2-Addition
then
Proton Transfer
OEt
H
Cbz
OH
N
H
N
O
N
H
Unstable
Intermediate
OEt
Mechanism of DCC-Promoted
Coupling
H
Cbz
OH
N
H
Attack by the
amine function
of the carboxylprotected
amino acid on
the carbonyl
group leads to
nucleophilic
acyl
substitution.
Unstable
Intermediate
N
H
OEt
H
Cbz
O
N
H
Elimination
O
N
H
N
H
N,N'-dicyclohexylurea
N
H
OEt
O
Dipeptide
O
O
4-Nitrophenyl
(PNP) Ester
O
is a more powerful
acylating agent than......
Alkyl
Alkyl Ester
NO2
O
O
H
H
1,2-Addition
then
Proton Transfer
OEt
H
Cbz
NO2
OH
N
H
O
Unstable
Intermediate
OEt
NO2
OH
N
H
Unstable
Intermediate
Elimination
OEt
H
Cbz
O2N
OH
para-Nitrophenol
N
H
N
H
OEt
O
Dipeptide
27.18
Solid-Phase Peptide
Synthesis:
The Merrifield Method
C
H
H H
C
C
H
H H
C
C
H
H H
C
C
H
H H
C
H
C
Functionalization of Polystyrene
Treating
the polymeric support with
chloromethyl methyl ether (ClCH2OCH3) and
SnCl4 places ClCH2 side chains on some of
the benzene rings.
Chloromethylation of Polystyrene
Cl
Cl
CH2
Cl
C
H2
CH2
Me
SnCl4
Cl
CH2
Cl
CH2
Cl
CH2
Cl
CH2
Merrifield Procedure
CH2
CH
CH2
CH
CH2
BocNHCHCO
R
CH
CH2
CH2Cl
CH
Merrifield Procedure
CH2
CH
CH2
CH
CH2
O
BocNHCHCO
Next, the Boc
protecting group
is removed with
HCl.
CH
CH2
CH2
CH
Merrifield Procedure
CH2
CH
CH2
CH
CH2
O
DCCI-promoted
coupling adds
the second
amino acid
H2NCHCO
R
CH
CH2
CH2
CH
Merrifield Procedure
CH2
CH
CH2
CH
CH2
O
BocNHCHC
R'
CH
CH2
CH
CH2
NHCHCO
R
Remove the
Boc protecting
group.
Merrifield Procedure
CH2
CH
CH2
CH
CH2
O
H2NCHC
R'
CH2
CH
CH
CH2
NHCHCO
R
Add
the
next amino
acid
and
repeat.
Merrifield Procedure
CH2
CH
CH2
O
+
H3N peptide
CH
CH2
C NHCHC
R'
CH
CH2
CH
CH2
NHCHCO
R
Remove the
peptide from the
resin with HBr in
CF3CO2H
Merrifield Procedure
CH2
CH
CH2
O
+
H3N peptide
CH
CH2
C NHCHC
R'
NHCHCO
R
CH
CH2
CH2Br
CH
Merrifield Procedure
Merrifield automated his solid-phase method.
Synthesized a nonapeptide (bradykinin) in
1962 in 8 days in 68% yield.
Synthesized ribonuclease (124 amino acids)
in 1969.
369 reactions; 11,391 steps
Nobel Prize in chemistry: 1984