Chapters 1, 2 & 3

Tourism Introduction, Demand

and Resources

Discussion topics

Leisure, recreation and tourism

Forms of tourism
Effective and suppressed demand
Resources and carrying capacity
Why people choose destinations

Concepts of Travel and Tourism

Leisure, recreation and tourism
What exactly is meant by the terms
of:
Leisure
recreation and
tourism

Concepts of Travel and Tourism

Leisure:
Leisure time is free time for individuals to spend as
they please.
What time is free time?

Can we say that all free time is leisure?

How about enforced leisure

Leisure is as much an attitude of mind as a

measure of time

Concepts of Travel and Tourism

Recreation:
the variety of activities undertaken during leisure time.

Recreation refreshes a persons strength and spirit

Recreation includes activities as diverse as watching
television to holiday abroad.
Can be active participants, or passive spectators

Concepts of Travel and Tourism

Tourism is simply one type of recreation activity
Difference between recreation and tourism:
One is recreation based either at home or close to
home
At the opposite end: recreational travel where some
distance is involved and overnight accommodation
may be needed
Some distance involved: same-day visitors or excursionists
Some distance and overnight accommodation: tourists

Leisure, recreation and tourism

Leisure time

Work time

Leisure
The time available to an individual when work, sleep
and other basic needs have been met

Recreation
Pursuit engaged upon during leisure time

The creation activity continuum

Home-based
recreation:
Reading,
gardening,
watching TV,
socializing etc

Daily leisure:
Visiting theatres
or restaurants,
sports (as
participant or
spectator),
socializing etc.

Day trips:
Visiting
attractions,
picnicking etc.

Tourism:
Temporary movement to
destinations outside normal
home and workplace, the
activities undertaken during
the stay, and the facilities
created to cater for their
needs

Geographical range
Home

Local

Regional

National

Intl

Business
travel

Geographical components of
tourism system
Tourist-generating areas (homes of tourists)

Demand, geographical location, socioeconomic, and

demographics important

Tourist-receiving areas

Attract tourists to stay temporarily and have features of

attraction not found in generating areas (impacts of tourism
occur here)

Transit routes

link two above areas; effectiveness and characteristics

important

External issues also affect tourism system politics,

security

Forms of tourism
Type of destination
Domestic
International
Inbound
Outbound

Forms of tourism (cont.)

Rural
Urban
Spa
Heritage
Cultural
Sport
Ecotourism
In generating area, ecotourist will be responsible consumer,
above average education
In destination area, nature is main attraction, environmentally
friendly
Transit zone, will use local companies, minimize impact on
environment

Demand for tourism: concepts and

definitions
Demand: the total number of persons who
travel, or wish to travel, to use tourist facilities
and services at places away from their places of
work or travel (Mathieson and Wall, 1982).
Effective or actual demand
Suppressed demand -

Effective demand
Travel propensity percentage of
population who actually engages in
tourism
Net at least one trip taken in a given period
Gross total no. of trips taken as percentage
of population

Effective Demand
Determinants of travel propensity
National level world view of travel

propensity
Personal view of travel propensity
Supply of tourists -

Effective demand
Political influences affect travel propensities in several
ways:
Political complexion
Conservative administrations nurture environment so tourism can
flourish
Socialist administrations encourage involvement of government;
offer opportunities for disadvantaged

Political groupings
Political and economic groupings of countries increase facilitation of
travel between members (EU)

Deregulation
Encourages tourism through reduced fares, thus increases demand
for travel

Political instability
Unstable environments adversely affect tourism (civil disorder,
terrorist attacks)

Suppressed demand
Potential demand
Realize inequalities of access to tourism

Expense of travel
Lack of time
Physical limitations
Family circumstances
Lack of interest

Suppressed demand
Deferred demand
barriers to travel

9/11
War in Iraq, Afghanistan
SARS
Bali

Book later
Travel to safer destinations
Use surface transport
Shorter trips
Consider costs carefully
Flexible booking like Internet

Effect on demand

Resources for tourism

Three main characteristics
Concept of resource tourism refers to tangible
objects that are considered of economic value
to tourism sector
Resources themselves are often not used
solely by tourists (significant land use, but not
dominant one)
Resources are perishable

Carrying Capacity
There is widespread acknowledgement of
the potentially damaging relationship
between # of tourists and degradation of
destinations
Embodied in this relationship is the
concept of carrying capacity, which
suggests an approach to management that
permits growth within acceptable limits.

Carrying Capacity
The World Tourism Organization defines
the carrying capacity for tourism as the
maximum number of people that may visit
a tourist destination at the same time,
without causing destruction of the
physical, economic and socio-cultural
environment and an unacceptable
decrease in the quality of the visitors
satisfaction.

Some examples:
Bermuda: A capacity of 120,000 cruise
ship passengers during the peak visitation
period was set by local authorities for
Bermuda.
Cambodia: The Angkor World Heritage
Site has a capacity of 300 to 500 visitors
at any one time and an annual capacity of
500,000.

 Different types of carrying capacity:

Physical
Environmental or biological
From visitor point of view: Psychological or
behavioral
From host community point of view: social

Tourism resources at the world scale

Physical features
71% of earth made up of 5 oceans
Remaining 29% is land made up of 7
continents and associated islands
40% of N. Hemisphere is land
20% of S. Hemisphere is land

Uneven distribution of land and water has

important implications on climate, population
distributions, economic development,
communications, and thus, tourism

Tourism resources at the world scale

Physical features (cont.)
Earths land surface is composed of
variety of landforms
Mountains and hills
Account for 75% of land surface
Found in every continent
Geologically unstable areas characterized by
volcanoes and earthquakes ex. Pacific Ring of
Fire
Contains variety of scenic features: peaks, glaciers,
cirques, lakes, waterfalls

Tourism resources at the world scale

Physical features (cont.)
Coast
Continues to be most popular location
Appeals to all physical senses
Will encourage tourism development and a wide
range of recreational activities
Small islands with coral reefs quite vulnerable to
ecological damage caused by too many tourists

Tourism resources at the world scale

Cultural features
Cultural regions areas with broad
similarities in lifestyles, architecture,
agricultural systems, and often shared
historical background and religion;

Tourism resources at the world scale

Cultural features (cont.)
Tourists need to be respectful of differences in
lifestyle, culture
Must be aware of host countrys social conventions
and taboos to avoid causing offense (especially
businessmen)
Tourism could present another threat to already
endangered way of life (i.e., tribes of 4th world- hill
tribes of Vietnam and other SE Asia, Andaman
Islanders of India, Aborigines, bushmen of Africa)

Tourism resources at the world scale

Why people choose destinations?
Common language is advantageous for tourism
Shared religion encourages travel (pilgrimages)
Cultural tourists - visit to explore art treasures or
historic sites
Heritage tourism curiosity about places, the past,
and nature

Summary
Certain factors favor development of
tourism;
We recognize uneven supply
Resources are fragile and perishable
Planning helps minimize costs and
damage

Chapter 4
Climate and Tourism

Outline
Geographic Grid Concepts
Time, calculate time difference,
international date line
Weather vs. climate
Factors affecting climate
Storms of different types, Sunami, El
nino
Climate elements
World climate zones

Geographic Grid

Parallel
Meridian
Coordinate
Equator
Prime Meridian
International Date Line
Northern Hemisphere,
Southern Hemisphere,
Eastern Hemisphere, and
Western Hemisphere

31

Where are we?

The latitude and
longitude system is used
to locate points on the
earths surface.
E.g. Washington D.C. 38
53' 23" N, 77 00' 27" W

32

Time
Local time, standard time
Standard time zones
World time is measured in terms of
relationship to the time at the Greenwich
Observatory, England known as the
Greenwich Mean Time.
33

How to calculate time

difference?
How to calculate time difference
between two points?
E.g. A plane leaves Paris (GMT+1) at
7:00am Sunday to go to New York
City (GMT-5). The flight duration is 8
hours. What time will it be in New
York City?
34

International Date Line

(IDL)
The International Date Line is located half
way around the planet from Greenwich,
England.
is both 12 hours ahead of GMT and 12 hours
behind GMT (separates two consecutive
calendar days).
Remember: it is the imaginary line. Besides,
it is not a straight line.
35

36

Climate vs. Weather

One of the most important factors which
affects when and where people choose to
travel is climate.
Climate and weather are different things.

37

Factors affecting
climate
Some of the primary factors
affecting the climate of a location:
Elevation
Latitude
Ocean currents
38

Factors affecting
climate (contd)
Some of the primary factors affecting
the climate of a location:
Topography
Leeward vs. windward

Prevailing winds
39

Storms
Tornado:
Monsoon:
Cyclone:
Hurricane:
Typhoon:
40

Tides and Waves

What is Tsunami?
Tides effect of the Sun and Moon
Moon is more influence on creating tides than
does the sun.
Tides does not follow the moon, it just stays in
the same place.

Waves most caused by wind

It moves with the wind
41

El nino
conditions
Normal

El nino strong
counter-current

El Nino: Normal Conditions

Prentice Hall Textbook animation link

El Nino: El Nino Development

Prentice Hall Textbook animation link

Other Climate Elements

Temperature
Has the greatest influence on tourist activity
Water sports
Beach
Land-based activities
Relative humidity a dry heat vs. humid heat

Other Climate Elements

Sunshine
Ultraviolet light
At seaside: reflected from water surface, the sand
and the sky; radiation is more intense in low
latitudes
Safe length of exposure to sun: depends on skin
type, strength of suntan
Skiers and mountain climbers also risk sunburn
Increasing evidence of a depletion in the ozone
layer

Other Climate Elements

Precipitation
Rain, hail, sleet and snow
In tropics:
wet and dry seasons every year
Rain falls in short heavy downpours

In temperate areas:
Rain may be smaller in total amount but spread over
many more rainy days

Snow
Ski resorts mainly in mid-latitude mountain regions
Loose, low-density snow is favored by skiers

World Climate Zones

The humid tropics
Most parts of the tropics have a dry season
Savannah grasslands best for safari
tourism.
In beach destinations, dry season coincides
with winter months in N. America and Europe

Hot dry climates

More accessible areas of deserts are
increasingly sought by tourists

World Climate Zones

The Warm Climates
Between latitudes 25 degrees and 40 degrees
Too cool for beach tourism except the
Mediterranean islands
Mediterranean climate also found in California
In east Asia, summers be oppressively hot
which is good for agriculture

World Climate Zones

Cool temperate and continental cold winter
climates
Difference between maritime climates and
continental climates:
Is the relative mildness of winter in the former
compared to its severity in the latter
Difficult to draw a meaningful boundary in Europe
Coastal areas of eastern N America and East Asia have
a sever winter climate
Maritime zone: overcast skies, drizzle, fog and strong
winds
In continental zone: long winter, snow, icy roads and
frozen water ways

World Climate Zones

Highland climates
1500 meters above sea level effect of
reduced air pressure become noticeable
Latin America, East Africa and the Himalayas
Above 400 meters, acclimatization is more
difficult altitude sickness
At the highest levels vegetation resembles
that of the Arctic tundra,
but receive large amount of solar radiation

Summary
Climate is one of the key factors influencing
tourism development and holiday travel
Climate conditions are determined by
latitude, altitude and the interrelationship of
coasts and mountains
Climate is made up of several factors, of
which temperatures and humidity are the
most significant for human well-being
Both hot and cold climates can be favorable

Chapter 6
An Introduction of Tourism
Geography of Europe

Outline

Basic facts about Europe

Bodies of water in Europe
Waterways of Europe
Landforms of Europe
Climate of Europe
Euro and Euro countries
Europes setting for tourism

What do you know about

Europe?

 http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=ANTDkfkoBaI Europe is a country and
everyone speaks French here???

Basic Facts: European

Geography

Location: ____________ Hemisphere

The smallest continent?
47 countries in Europe
Largest country is _____
The smallest city in the world, ______, is located
in Europe.
Largest city is Paris, France
_____ is the longest river in Europe
Answers: Northern, western & eastern, 2nd, Russia, Vatican,
Volga

European Geography
Europe is a part of the larger landmass
known as _______.
Asia and Europe are not separate land
masses. They are divided by the _____
Mountains which is Europes eastern
boundary with Asia.
The Arctic Ocean is north of Europe.
The _________ Sea to the south separates
Europe from Africa.
The western boundary is the _____ Ocean
Euroasia, Ural, Mediterranean, Atlantic

Bodies of Water

Baltic Sea
North Sea
Irish Sea
English Channel
Mediterranean Sea
Adriatic and Ionian Seas
Aegean Sea
Black Sea

Waterways of Europe
The _____ and _____ Rivers are the two
most important rivers in Europe: trade and
transportation.
The _____ River flows from the Swiss
mountains through Austria, Germany,
France, and Luxembourg to the
Netherlands, into the North Sea.
Rhine & Danube, Rhine

 Rhine River:

Waterways of Europe
The Danube River flows through which
countries?

Landforms of Europe
This continent has several peninsulas:
_________ Peninsula is made up of
Norway & Sweden (Northern Europe)
_________ Peninsula includes Portugal &
Spain (Western Europe).
Italian Peninsula (Italy) & Balkan
Peninsula (Greece) both jut into the
Mediterranean Sea.
The entire continent of Europe is one giant
peninsula.

Scandinavia, Iberian,

Europes Landforms

Landforms of Europe
In Eastern Europe, the Ural Mountains divide
the continent from Asia.
The Iberian Peninsula is separated from the
rest of Europe by the _______ Mountains.
The _____ mountain range stretches across
most of Europe.
Next, the Great European Plain stretches
from France to the Ural Mountains.
Rich farmland for crops in this area led to the
formation of Europes largest/popular cities: Paris,
Berlin, Warsaw, & Moscow.
Perenees, Alps

Climate
The _________ climate of the south is dry and warm.
The western and northwestern parts have a mild,
generally humid climate, influenced by the ________
Drift.
In central and eastern Europe the climate is of the
humid continental-type with cool summers.
In the northeast subarctic and tundra climates are
found.
All of Europe is subject to the moderating influence of
prevailing ______ winds from the Atlantic Ocean.
Mediterranean, North Atlantic, westerly

Climate of Europe
The ______ and _______ mountains protect
the European countries along the
Mediterranean Sea from these chilling winds.
In parts of Southern Europe, the average
temperature in January is 50F.

The summers in Southern Europe are usually

____ & ____. The month of July is usually
80F.
In other parts of Europe, the average
temperatures in July are between 50F to
70F.
Alps, Perenees, hot, dry

European Union
The European Union (EU) is a
political and economic union of
twenty-seven member states,
located primarily in Europe.
With almost 500 million citizens,
the EU combined generates an
estimated 30% share of the
world's nominal gross domestic
product (US$16.8 trillion in 2007)

Euro Countries
The ______ is now the legal currency in the
following 20 countries:
Andorra,Austria,Belgium,Cyprus,Finland,France,Ger
many,Greece,Ireland,Italy,Luxembourg, Malta,
Monaco, Montenegro, Netherlands, Portugal, San
Marino, Slovenia, Spain, Vatican City
The three Western European countries that have not
adopted the Euro are the ____, ____ and ____.

If you are travelling to any of these 20 countries,

you will need to take euro currency or Euro
traveler's checks.
Euro, UK, Denmark, Sweden

Europe Tourism
Europe dominates world tourism
1960-received 72% of international tourism
arrivals
By 2000, dropped to 58%, but this is still
significant number
Large tourist-generating area as well, both
internationally and domestically, due to strong
economies in the region

 IMPORTANT reasons why Europe

is pre-eminent in worlds tourism
system:

Setting for Tourism

Mediterranean Sea

Inland
Large industrial cities on Sea
Attracts 20% of worlds international tourist arrivals
Over 500 rivers flow into sea
Only outlet is Straits of _____ to Atlantic
Less than shoreline belongs to EU countries

Gibralter

Setting for Tourism

Cultural features
Most Europeans adhere to one of three broad divisions of
Christianity: _________ in the west and southwest,
________ in the north, and _______ in the east and
southeast.
The first major religious split began in the 4th century, when
pressure from barbarian tribes led to the division of the empire
into western and eastern parts. The bishop of Rome became
spiritual leader of the West, while the patriarch of Constantinople
led the faith in the East;
The second schism occurred in the 16th century within the
western branch of the religion, when Martin Luther inaugurated
the Protestant Reformation. Rebellion was successful mainly in
the Germanic-speaking areas of Britain, northern Germany, the
Netherlands, and Scandinavia
Catholicism, Protestantism, orthodoxy

Distribution of
European
ethnic culture
areas

Cultural Features
For a majority of groups the basis for collective
identity is possession of a distinctive language or
dialect.
On the other hand, some peoples may share a
common language yet set each other apart
because of differences in religion.
Some groups may share a common language but
remain separate from each other because of
differing historic paths.
Even when coexisting within the same state, some
groups may have similar languages and common
religions but remain distinctive from each other
because of separate past associations.

 Within the complex of European languages, three major divisions

stand out: ________, _______, and _______.
The __________ dominate western and Mediterranean Europe and
include French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, and Romanian, plus
Catalan in northeastern Spain and Andorra. All are derived from the
Latin language of the Roman Empire.
The __________are found in central, northern, and northwestern
Europe. They are derived from a common tribal language that originated
in southern Scandinavia, and they include German, Netherlandic,
Danish, Norwegian, Swedish, and Icelandic. English is a RomanceGermanic hybrid.
The ____________ are characteristic of eastern and southeastern
Europe and of Russia. West branch: Polish, Czech and Slovak, Upper
and Lower Sorbian of eastern Germany, and the Kashubian language of
northern Poland. East branch: Russian, Ukrainian, and Belarusian.
South branch: Slovene, Serbo-Croatian, Macedonian, and Bulgarian.
Romance, Germanic, Slavic, Romanic languages, Germanic languages, Slavic
languages

Setting for Tourism

History of interaction between cultures:
architectural heritage
Romanesque Dark Ages breakup of Roman
empire churches, monasteries, Byzantine design
Gothic 12th century emphasis on vertical, soaring
spires, stained glass
Renaissance-Baroque 15th century Greek and
Roman temples; followed by Baroque color and
ornamentation

Attractions
Differences exist between countries
Southern Europe climate, culture and
heritage
Mountains Pyrenees to Carpathians
summer and winter destinations
Lowland many European cities, thus attract
business and short sightseeing breaks

Summary
Europe receives over of international
tourist arrivals
Affluent, mobile, high propensity to travelpopulation
Climatic differences
EU increasingly important in tourism and
planning

Chapters 7-9
The United Kingdom and
Republic of Ireland

Outline

U. K. and its history

Physical geography of U. K.
Climate
Tourism facts
Major tourist cities
Tourism geography of England, Scotland,
Wales, north Ireland, and Ireland

What do you
know about the
U.K.?

United Kingdoms
known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or
Britain
located off the northwestern coast of
mainland Europe which consists of the
four constituent countries: ____
_____ is the only part of the UK with a
land border, sharing it with the Republic of
Ireland.
England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, N.
Ireland

Capital: ___________
Gov. form: ____________
Size: 94,092 square miles (like Oregon)
Ethnic division: 81.5% English, 9.6% Scottish, 2.4% Irish,
1.9% Welsh
Comprises three countries: _________
Currency: _________
Population: over 60 million

England: 50 m
Scotland: over 5.1 m
Wales: 2.9 m
Northern Ireland: 1.7
London, parliamentary monarch, pound

History
England and Scotland had existed as separate
sovereign and independent states with their own
monarchs since the 9th century.
The once independent Principality of Wales fell
under the control of English monarchs in 1284
In 1707, agreed to a political union in the form of a
unified Kingdom of Great Britain.
The Act of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of
Great Britain with the Kingdom of Ireland, to form
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in
1801

History
Britain became the principal naval power of
the 19th century
the British Empire controlled large amounts of
territory in Asia, Africa, Oceania and America
changed to the current name in 1927 of the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland after the partition of Ireland
The United Kingdom was one of the 12
founding members of the European Union

United Kingdoms
Fourteen overseas territories
British influence observed in Australia,
Canada, New Zealand, India, South Africa,
and the United States
______ remains the head of the
Commonwealth of Nations and head of
state of the Commonwealth realms
Queen Elizabeth II

Physical Geography
The mainland lies between latitudes 49 and
59 N and longitudes 8 W to 2 E. The Royal
Greenwich Observatory, near London, is the
defining point of the Prime Meridian.
The UK lies between the North Atlantic
Ocean and the North Sea, and comes within
35 kilometers (22 mi) of the northwest coast
of France, from which it is separated by the
________.
English Channel.

Climate
The overall climate in England is called
_________.
This means that it is mild with temperatures not
much lower than 0C in winter and not much
higher than 32C in summer. It also means that it
is damp and is subject to frequent changes.
In general, warm summers and cool winters.
Summers are cooler than those on the continent,
but the winters are milder.
Temperate maritime

Best Time to Travel

Probably the best months to travel in
England are __________. These months
generally have the most pleasant
temperatures and less rain.
July and August are the warmest months,
but they are also the wettest.
May, June, September and October

Tourism Facts
Oversees arrivals exceeded 24 million, among the top 10
destinations in the world
$ 17.8 billion international tourism receipts (WTO, 2003)
24.2 million international tourist arrivals
Over 80% are visiting England
British took 58 million trips abroad
British took 160 million domestic trips
Tourism supported over 2 million jobs

Major Cities
Rank

City

Where found

Area

Population
( 2001 Census)

London

England

1,580 km (620 mi)

7,172,091

Birmingham

England

283 km (109 mi)

970,892

Leeds

England

552 km

715,404

Glasgow

Scotland

177 km (68 mi)

577,869

Edinburgh

Scotland

260 km (100 mi)

448,624

Liverpool

England

439,477

Manchester

England

392,819

11

Cardiff

Wales

305,353

14

Belfast

Northern Ireland

276,459

Major Cities
Birmingham is one of the
worlds leading cities for
conferences, exhibitions
and events (Summit G8).
Edinburgh is best-known
for its August festival: a
huge, month-long arts
extravaganza that actually
includes several festivals.

Major Cities
Glasgow boasts world famous art
collections, the best shopping in the
United Kingdom outside London.
Manchester was regarded as the best
place in the UK to locate a business. It is
the third most visited city in the United
Kingdom by foreign visitors

London
London metropolitan area is fairly large - its
population is 7.7 million
things of interest are within 5 km radius
a visitor can walk around or use the Tube
(subway)

British Museum
Westminster Abbey (royalty is crowned here)
The Big Ben (the clock tower atop Parliament)
Houses of Parliament
Buckingham Palace (changing of the guard at 11:30
am)
The London Eye
Tower of London (dating to 1066) - a medieval
prison, guides in medieval dress, crown jewels on
display
St. Pauls Cathedral (where Diana and Charles got
married)

 Leicester Square (the center of the legitimate

theater street; full of restaurants, cinemas like
WB, discos) and China Town
______ Park (world famous Speakers Corner for
Sunday morning speeches of anyone)
Madame Tussauds _____ Museum
Tower Bridge
Regent Street (between Piccadilly and Oxford
Circus - heaven for shoppers)
Hyde, Wax

The Palace of _________ is located

on the north side of the River
Thames. The building mainly dates
from the 19th century, remaining
elements of the original historic
buildings include Westminster Hall,
survived to present day for major
public ceremonial events like the
Jewel Tower.

Millennium, Westminster

London Eye: Its also known as the ________

Wheel and its the tallest ferris wheel in
Europe (135 meters). It has become the most
paid popular London attractions and it is
visited by over 3 million people over year.
When it was constructed it was the biggest
ferris wheel in the world before the star of
Nanchang (160 meters) was built.

Vicinity of London
Windsor Castle (one of the Royal Households)
Greenwich (the Old Royal Observatory - where one can stand on the
Prime Meridian)
Oxford University (left picture) and the University of Cambridge (right
picture)

 Stone Henge
the circle of megalithic stones older than a
thousand years in Salisbury Plain

Stratford-upon-Avon
hometown of William Shakespeare

Scotland and Wales

Scotland, Wales, Isle of Man located
north and west of Great Britain
Form Celtic Fringe of Europe
referred to as the "Celt belt" or "Celtic
fringe" because of their location
generally on the north-western edges
of the continent, and of the nations
they inhabit, which identify themselves
with the Celtic cultures, specifically
speakers of Celtic languages.

 Scotland
Scotland's capital,
_______, is among the
outstanding cities of the
world, where the
medieval Old Town
contrasts with the elegant
Georgian New Town.
Other towns, notably
______, display a wealth
of Victorian architecture.
Edinburgh, Glasgow

Edinburgh

Edinburgh Castle

Wales
Compared with Scotland and Ireland,
Wales is a bit reserved, still has its full
share of Celtic mystique
has beautiful scenery, misty valleys, cozy
cottages, castles
Capital: ______
Cardiff

Northern Ireland
Smaller than Republic, however more
urbanized
1/3 live in capital of Belfast
Tourism resources
Belfast
19th century was important port and shipbuilding
industry
Since 1969, threat of terrorism curtailed tourism

Ireland

Capital: ______
Gov.: Republic
Size: 27,136 square miles
Language: Irish and English
Ethnic: _____ with some
English
Religion: 93% Roman
Catholic
Peak tourist season: July and
August
Population: 3.8 m
Dublin is undoubtedly the
spiritual and cultural heart

Dublin, Celtic

 The tourist attractions of Ireland include

the relaxed atmosphere and friendliness of
the people, and the clean rural environment.
There is also a major ethnic factor, with
emigrants returning home on holiday and
people of Irish descent visiting relatives and
places of ancestral connection.
Dublin is the single most important centre

 Tourism resources
Dublin
Capital, cultural center
Historic buildings: Abbey Theater; St. Patricks
Cathedral (built in 1191); National Museum;
Custom House; OConnell Bridge; Trinity College
(oldest and most famous)

Summary
England well endowed with most types of
tourist attractions
Ireland, Scotland, Wales have many
varied attractions
Each has unique blend of culture and
natural resources
Increases in rural tourism will boost
economy

Chapter 10
Tourism Geography of
Scandinavia

Outline

Geographic characteristics
Climatic features
Tourism setting
Tourism geography of
Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, and
Iceland

What do you know about

Scandinavia?

Geographic Characteristics
A high-latitude location and rugged physical
geography, a region of peninsula and islands
Population centers along _______ margins
The Lutheran religion predominates in
Northern Europe
Highly urbanized, skilled, and educated
population (welfare states)
southern

Geographic Characteristics
Region in northwestern Europe, comprising
_______________.
_________ occupy the geologically distinct
Scandinavian Peninsula, bordered by the Gulf
of Bothnia, the Baltic Sea, the North Sea, the
Atlantic Ocean, and the Arctic Ocean.
Except for the Lapps and Finns, Scandinavian
peoples speak a closely related group of
_______ languages.
Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland and Iceland, Norway
and Sweden, Germanic

Nordic Countries vs.

Scandinavia
The term Nordic countries refers to all the five
Nordic countries together with their autonomous
territories,
While in a purely geographical sense, Scandinavia
comprises only _______ and the north-western
parts of _______.
However, in a cultural sense, Scandinavia is often
used to mean an area consisting of __________
only.
Scandinavia can be considered a subset of the
Nordic countries
Norway and Sweden, Finland; Denmark, Sweden and Norway

 Other characteristics
Norway: Petroleum
Denmark
Agricultural focus

Sweden: Iron ore and manufacturing

Finland: electronics (Nokia)
Iceland: Fishing economy

 Climate
Maritime influence (North Atlantic Drift)
Glaciation of north, tundra climate
Continental, humid, and cool summer climate
of south
Twenty-four hours of daylight in the summer
to the north of 66.5 degrees
Busy travel times are May through
September.

 In the winter months, days are _____ but

winter sports such as skiing are in full bloom
The Northern Lights ("Aurora Borealis")
Which stem from when large numbers of
electrons stream in towards the Earth along its
magnetic field and collide with air particles. The
air then lights up rather like what happens in a
fluorescent light tube.
shorter

 The aurora can be

viewed best in
winter during early
evening and at
night when it's not
overcast

 Midnight sun:
The midnight sun is a phenomenon occurring
in latitudes north of the Arctic Circle and south
of the Antarctic Circle, where the sun is visible
at the local midnight.
With adequate weather conditions, the sun is
visible for a continuous ________ hours.
This is great for travelers planning long days
outdoors, as there will be sufficient light for
outdoor activities!
24

Tourism Characteristics
Inbound tourism:
Tourism Less important to these countries
economies than to other European countries
Fewer tourists
Short stay
Major tourist-generating regions of world

High standard of living:

great emphasis on leisure time
High levels of education
Well-developed and efficient travel trade in region
Holidays abroad represent 1/3 of all holidays taken

Scandinavias Capitals
Sweden
Norway
Denmark
Iceland
Finland

Stockholm
Oslo
Copenhagen
Reykjavik
Helsinki

2 million
1.3 mil
1.7 mil
200,000
555,000

 Norway Fjords
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_4woCeZV1A (447)

The Nordic Countries:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=ELZzdvfIY5Q (9)

Norway

Capital: _____
Gov.: __________
Size: 14,158 sq miles
Language: Norwegian
Ethnic: Germanic
Religion: mainly
Evangelical Lutheran
Peak season: June to
August
Population: 4.5 m
Tourism:
Known as fjord country
Land of Midnight Sun
Major markets: Denmark,
Germany, and Sweden
Oslo, constitutional mon.

Norway
Fjords are main attraction breathtaking
combination of mountain and coast
Bergen is gateway for exploring by ship, road,
rail: situated between 2 longest fjords
Geiranger Fjord most attractive with towering
rockfaces and waterfalls

Oslo:
Modern, sophisticated capital
Visit the Royal Palace

Sweden

Capital: _______
Gov.: ______________
Size: 173,780 sq. miles
Language: Swedish
Ethnic: Caucasian, others
foreign born
Religion: Evangelical Lutheran
Peak Season: July and August
Currency: Swedish Krona
Population: 8.9 m
Tourism:
A large deficit in tourism
Major markets: Germany and
Norway
Stockholm, constit. Mon.

Sweden
Tourism resources
North Sea coast
Gothenburg (Goteborg), second largest city, is
major North Sea port

Stockholm
Capital City built on 14 islands and several islets
Heritage attractions like Gamla Stan (Old town),
Royal Palace
Vasa Ship Museum (housing an impressive 17th
century warship that sank on its maiden voyage

Stockholm, Sweden

Denmark
Capital: __________
Gov.: _________________
Size: 16,633 square miles (twice
the size of Massachusetts)
Language: Danish, English and
German are widely spoken
Ethnic: Danish 95%, foreign
nationals 5%
Religion: Evangelical Lutheran
Peak tourist season: July and
August
Currency: Kroner (DKR)
Population: 5.4 m
Tourism highly regional
Origin countries: Germany,
Sweden, and Norway
Copenhagen and Zealand
Greenland

Copenhagen, Const. mon.

The Faroes
Self-governing nation with Kingdom of
Denmark stayed outside EU
______ industry of utmost importance,
tourism much less
Excessively windy and wet climate, on stormy
seas
Yet has spectacular cliff scenery and vast
colonies of seabirds
Fishing

Finland
Capital: ________
Gov.: _________
Size: 130,558 square miles (slightly
smaller than Montana)
Language: 93.5% Finnish
Ethnic division: Finn, Swede,
Religion: Evangelical Lutheran
Peak tourist seasons: June, July and
August
Currency: ______
Population: 5.2 million
Helsinki:
Long been a business center for
East-West trade

Rovaniemi:
Lapland, Father Claus

Three major markets: Sweden,

Germany, and Russia

Helsinkii, republic, Euro

Finland
Tourism resources
Among Finlands main draws are: spas, folk festivals,
saunas, cross-country skiing and ski tourism, reindeer
safaris, trips to the Arctic Circle, etc.

Helsinki, Finland

Iceland

Capital: ________
Gov.: Republic
Size: 39,769 sq. miles
Language: Icelandic
Ethnic: mixture of descendants of
Norwegians and Celts
Religion: Evangelical Lutheran
Peak Season: July, August
Population: 0.3 m.
Tourism:
Insular location, least number of
visitors
Capital is the main attraction

Reykjavik

Iceland
Geologically unique

Over 200 volcanoes

Major eruptions and earthquakes happen every 5
years

Agriculture is mainly sheep farming

Most of population lives on or near the coast
Dominant fishing industry
Anxious to encourage ecotourism
Expensive, difficult to reach
Inbound tourism is small, but growing
Most come from US, Germany, UK

Northern Scandinavia
Occupied by people of age-old culture, the Sami
(formerly known as Lapps)
Lapland includes parts of Norway, Sweden, Finland,
Russia
Retained semi-nomadic way of life: reindeer herding
Tourism is welcome, but also brings disruption to way
of life
Coastal communities depend on fishing industry

Northern Scandinavia
Tourism resources
Wilderness, adventure holidays
Summer activities include rafting, canoeing, gold
panning, mountain-biking
Winter: dogsledding, reindeer safari, promoted as
home to Santa Claus in Finland (many winter
visitors)

Finnish Laplands

Summary
Varied landscapes in Scandinavia
One of major tourism generating areas of
world
Accommodation in short summer season
Car is main form of transport, along with
ferries
Most important element is uncrowded,
unpolluted countryside

Which is your most favorite

destination or attraction?

Chapter 11
Tourism Geography of Benelux
Countries

Outline

Geographic characteristics
Climate
Tourism in Benelux
Countries and regions:
Belgium (Brussels, Bruges, etc), The
Netherlands (Randstad, Amsterdam, Hague,
Keukenhof Gardens, etc.), and Luxemburg)

What do you know about

Benelux?

Fundamental Geography of
Benelux
Belgium 3 states
Flanders, Wallonia, Brussels

Netherlands
2 of 12 provinces called Holland
Incorrect to refer to the whole country as
Holland
Dutch refers to the whole Netherlands

Luxembourg
The same size as a Belgium province

Climate
Historically known as the Low Countries
"Netherlands" literally means "low countries"
or "lowlands".

Climate is cool maritime (similar to

England) near coast; as one moves
inland, more continental climate felt

Geographic Characteristics
The Benelux Economic Union includes
three neighboring countries: _______, which
lie in the north western European region
between ______ and ______.
The Union promotes the free movement of
workers, capital, services, and goods in the
region. Its secretariat-general is located in
________.
Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, Germany,
Brussels

 _____ and ____ are the official languages of

the Benelux.
Out of the total of 27 million people living in the
member states 83 percent speak Dutch and 14
percent speak French

Although it is not an official language of the

Benelux, Belgium and Luxembourg recognize
_____ as one of the official national
languages.
Dutch, French, German

What is each famous for?

_______:
Tulips, canals, bicycles, windmills,

_______:
Chocolates, waffles, beer and chips

_______:
Too small to have influenced the world with its
products, but banks is of some intl fame

Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg

Tourism in Benelux
What to see?
Architecture
Castles
Finest medieval, renaissance, baroque and
modern painters
Canals in the Netherland

Best cities
Amsterdam
Bruges
Brussels

Transportation in Benelux
Best way is by car, moving around is fairly
easy
Many discounted cards and passes are
available
Trains in Belgium tend to be nicer

 Bruges:
Video:
Visit Belgium
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=_Cs_hSBsMm0 (652)
Brugge
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=2hCahUZxmWU (627)

Belgium
Belgium is inhabited by Dutch speaking
______ in the North.
The southern inhabitants are French
speaking ________.

Flemings, Walloons
154

Belgium

Capital: ________
Gov.: _________
Size: 11,783 sq miles
Language: 56% Flemish, 32%
French, 1% Germany
Ethnic: 55% Fleming, 33%
Walloon
Religion: 75% Catholic
Peak season: June to August
Population: 10.3 m
Major cities: Brussels, Waterloo,
Antwep, Ghent, Bruges, Ostend

Belgium
Bruges one of best preserved medieval cities of
northern Europe. Venice of the North
In the 13th to the 15th centuries it was one of the
most important centers of trade in Northern Europe.
Today it is a living history book due to its wellpreserved medieval architecture and attractions
which span the centuries.

Belgium
Ghent Belgium has over 3,000 castles, about

300 of which are open to the public.

Gravensteen is one of the best-known and
most popular.

Antwerp second port; rivals Brussels in nightlife

and museums
Brussels capital, of finest Baroque buildings
Brussels is best known for its status as main headquarters of
the ______ and _________.

European Union, NATO

 The Grand Place is

the central market
square of Brussels
The square is the most
important tourist
destination and most
memorable landmark
in Brussels next to the
Atomium and
Manneken Pis.

 The Atomium is a symbolic 103-metre

(338 ft) tall structure that was built for the
1958 Worlds Fair. It consists of nine steel
spheres connected by tubes, and forms a
model of an iron crystal.
Next to the Atomium is the Mini-Europe
park with 1:25 scale maquettes of famous
buildings from across Europe.

 Manneken Pis (Flemish for little man

pee), is a Brussels landmark. It is a small
bronze fountain sculpture depicting a
naked little boy urinating into the fountain's
basin.

 Ardennes uplands
Forests, limestone gorges, winding river valley,
chateaus
Riding, cycling, rock-climbing, caving, canoeing
are popular in this area, but put pressure on its
resources
Villages and market towns have become resorts

The Netherlands
Capital: Amsterdam,
(Hague)
Gov.: ________
Size: 16,042 sq. miles
Language: Dutch
Ethnic: 97% Dutch
Religion: 34% Catholic,
25% Protestant
Peak Season: April to
September
Population: 16 m.

Constitutional Monarchy

The Netherlands
Natives of the Netherlands are known as the _____.
Dutch farming is very intensive and highly specialized, for
example _____ and other flowers.
Traditionally, the Dutch have been a seafaring nation with a
significant colonial empire in Southeast Asia (_______).
Rotterdam is the worlds largest port city in terms of
tonnage handled because it serves the hinterland of the
Rhine river.

Dutch, tuplips, Indonesia

163

 Randstad:
The Randstad is an
agglomeration in the Netherlands.
It consists of the four biggest
cities, and the surrounding areas.
With its 7.1 million inhabitants it's
one of the biggest agglomerations in
Europe.
Four cities: Amsterdam, Rotterdam,
The Hague and Utrecht

 Tourism resources - Randstad

Amsterdam
The city is the financial and cultural capital of the
Netherlands. Many large Dutch institutions have
their headquarters there, and 7 of the worlds top
500 companies, including Philips and Shell are
based in the city.
Amsterdam's main attractions, including its historic
canals, the Rijksmuseum, the Van Gogh Museum,
Anne Frank House, and its red-light district, draw
4.2 million tourists annually.

 The more than one hundred kilometers of

canals in Amsterdam, about 90 islands
and 1500 bridges have led the city to
being termed the "Venice of the North".

Rijksmuseum-Amsterdam
(state museum in English)

 Randstad
The Hague Diplomat Capital (the official government
seat but not the official capital of the country), a
beautiful city of government buildings and gardens
Rotterdam (rebuilt after WWII) dynamic and efficient
seaports
184-meter-tall Euromast Space Tower, the one of the worlds
busiest harbor and maritime museum

Keukenhof Gardens:
Over 6,000,000 tulips and other flowering plants
flower bulb fields (pick out a plant, and when it has finished
blooming, the bulb will be mailed to you)

Keukenhof Gardens in Lisse

Luxemburg

Capital: ________
Gov.: ________
Size: 998 sq. miles
Language: Luxembourgish,
German, French,
Ethnic: Celtic with French
and German blend
Religion: 97% Catholic
Population: 0.4 m

Luxembourg, Const. mon.

Tourism
Central location major factor to tourism
industry
Visitor arrivals is double their population
Many arrive for business in Luxembourg City
Short stays
Many take advantage of low cost international
flight

90% of visitors from Europe

Transport: excellent air, rail, and road

Attractions
Luxembourg City capital important
financial center; medieval bridges, spires;
hills and valley linked by viaducts

Summary
Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg
consist of coastal lowland, intermediate
plateau and the uplands
High demand for tourism, but pressures
are put on environment
Tourist attractions include historic towns,
resorts of the North Sea, the countryside,
and the valleys and uplands

Chapter 12
Tourism Geography of Central
Europe

Outline
Geographic characteristics
Cultural features
Countries and regions:
Austria
Vienna, Innsbruck, Salzburg

Switzerland
Geneva, Lausanne, Zurich, etc.

Liechtenstein
Germany
Bavaria, Munich, Rhineland, Romantic Road

What do you know about

Central Europe?

Geographic Characteristics
Location:
Central Europe, bordering the _____ Sea and the
____ Sea, between the Netherlands and Poland,
south of ________.

Alps:
The Alps form a large mountain range dominating
Central Europe, including parts of the countries of
__________________________.
Baltic, North, Denmark,
France, Italy, Switz., Liecht., Austria, Germany, Slovenia

 Climate: _______ climate, except near North

Sea
Altitude affects temperatures
Winter snows help winter sports/recreation

Gov type: Germany, Austria, Switzerland all

are ________.
Economies highly developed
High standard of living and quality of life
_______ and _____ are members of EU;
_____ remains neutral.
Continental, fed. Republics, Germany, Austria, Switz.

Austria

Capital: ______
Gov.: Federal Republic
Size: 32,377 sq. miles
Language: _______
Ethnic: 99.4% _____
Religion: 85% Catholic, 6%
Protestant
Peak season: July and August
Population: 8.1 m
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=9OLrtATnGWE (travel guide of
Austria, 2/30)

Vienna, German, German

Austria
Tourism resources
Vienna reminders of
imperial past
Vienna is host to many
major international
organizations such as
the _______ and
OPEC.
Vienna lies in the very
east of Austria and is
close to the _______.

UN, Czech

 Vienna:
Austrias splendid capital, Vienna is a smorgasbord
of beautiful buildings.
Circling the old town (the Innenstadt) is the
imposing revivalist architecture of the
Ringstrasse, Viennas main boulevard. These
building s range from the charming Opera House
to the monumental Natural History Museum.

 Innsbruck:
This 800-year-old town, twice the site of the
Winter Olympics, is the capital of gorgeous
Tirol (Tyrol).
Set at the base of the spectacular Alps,
tour the 18th century Hofburg (former imperial
palace)

Tyrol, Austria: Donnerbrunnen

Fountain

Tyrol: Heilingenblut Church

 Salzburg:
Summer music festival
Sound of Music attraction
Baroque architecture

Fans of _____ will want to visit the Mozarteum

and his Birth House
On the outskirts of the city is one of Salzburgs
top attractions, Hellbrunn Castle. Its water
gardens were featured in the Sound of Music
Mozart

Switzerland

Capital: _______.
Gov.: Federal Republic
Size: 15,943 sq. miles
Language; 74% _____, 20%
French, 4% Italian
Ethnic: 65% _____, 18% French,
12% Italian
Peak season: July and August
Population: 7.2 m

Bern, German, German

Switzerland
Political neutrality.
The safest banks in the world, have made _____
one of Europe's major financial hubs.
The conveniently central location in the middle of
Europe has also made Switzerland a favorite
meeting place for conventions and international
conferences
Geneva, for instance, is home to the United Nations,
Red Cross
Zurich financial center
Berne Universal Postal Union
Lausanne - _____________

Zurich, Olympics

Switzerland
Tourism resources
Geneva
is a very French city on Lake Geneva
The headquarters of many international organizations

Lausanne
On the northern bank of lake Geneva.
Home of the International Olympic Committee
Headquarters, which has a museum tracing the history
of the Olympics.

Valais Area
Home to some of the most dramatic Alpine scenery in
the country, including Zermatt one of the best-known
ski resorts in the world.

Zurich financial center

Liechtenstein
Squeezed between _____ and _____.
Most travelers barely give it a thought, and
those who visit usually just pause for lunch
when traveling from Zurich to Innsbruck.
It offers a combination of relaxed
sophistication and beautiful scenery
mountains and valleys
Austria, Switz.

Germany

Capital: _______
Gov.: Federal Rep.
Size: 96,019 sq. miles
Language: German
Ethnic: mostly German
Religion: 45% Protestant,
37% Roman Catholic
Peak season: June, July,
August
Population: 82.2 million

Berlin

Germany
In 1989, structure changed: removal of Berlin Wall;
badly depressed economy of East Germany slowly
gaining strength
Lacks well-defined tourist industry, unlike Austria
and Switzerland
Many travel for business ( ____ largest economy
in world)
However, there is much to offer tourists in scenery
and cultural attraction

fourth

Tourists attractions
Bavaria
with an area of 27,241 square miles and
almost 12.5 million inhabitants, lies in the
southeast of Germany and is the largest state
of Germany by area
For travelers, this mountainous region of
southern Germany is the most
quintessentially German.

 Bavaria:
Munich: Capital of Bavaria
One of the biggest attractions is Munichs yearly
_______.
Starting in late September and spills into the first week
of October dancing, oom-pah bands and food
dominate
http://www.oompahband.com/
Oktoberfest

Heilligekirche, Old Town

Munich

 The Rhineland
is in the western part of Germany, and abuts international
boundaries with _____________.
Rhine River romantic area
Bonn Town of university
Dusseldorf draw for shoppers, business
Cologne the 13th-century twin-spired Gothic cathedral

France, Lux., Belgium, Netherlands

 The Romantic Road is a

term coined by travel
agents in the 1950s to
describe the stretch of
highway in southern
Germany between
Wurzburg and Fussen.
This region is thought by
many international
travelers to possess
"quintessentially" German
scenery and culture.

 Romantic Road
A beautiful, historic 217-mi/350-km drive, from
Wurzburg in the north (Marienburg Fortress)
to Fussen in the south (near Fussen is
Neuschwanstein, built by mad King Ludwig
Walt Disney used it as a model for
Disneylands Sleeping Beauty castle)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-D4F4h4ISc&feature=related (castles on
Romantic Road) (312)

 East Germany
Cruises on river Elbe,
but river is very polluted
from heavy industry
Berlin old capital of
Germany cultural
center of performing
arts
18th century capital of
Prussia
Frederick the great ruled,
was most militaristic
Checkpoint Charlie and
Berlin Wall separated East
from West Germany
Recently, much
urbanization is occurring,
esp. in hotel industry
ITB in Berlin

Summary
Austria, Germany, Switzerland are land-locked
with exception of short _____ Coast
Three identified regions are coastal lowlands,
central uplands and the Alps
Highly developed economy and standards of
living
Opportunities for both winter and summer
activities, from coast to Alps

North Sea