OMF010002 Handover-training-20060531-A-2.0

Internal
OMF010002 Handover
ISSUE 2.0
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
www.huawei.com
All rights reserved
Handover is key technology of Mobile

communication system and make
continued
conversation
possible.
Handover algorithm in Huawei product
is flexible and powerful
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Page 2
Upon completion this course, you will be
able to:
Understand the type of handover.
Master handover judgment flow
Configure handover data
Master handover signaling flow
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Chapter 1 Introduction of Handover

Chapter 2 HO Algorithm process
Chapter 3 HO Data Configuration
Chapter 4 HO Signaling process
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Purposes of HO
To keep a continuous communication with a moving MS
To improve network service performance

To reduce the call drop rate
To reduce the congestion rate
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Classification by Reason
Emergency HO
Timing Advance (TA) Emergency HO

Bad quality (BQ) Emergency HO
Rx_Level_Drop Emergency HO
Interference Emergency HO
load HO
Normal HO
Edge HO
Layer HO
Power Budget (PBGT) HO
Speed-sensitive HO (Fast moving MS HO)
Concentric Cell HO
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Classification by Synchronization
Synchronous handover: source
and target cell belong the same

BTS
Asynchronous handover: source and
target cell belong the different BTS
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1.1 General HO process
1.2 Measurement report preprocessing
1.3 Penalty processing
1.4 Basic ranking and Secondary ranking
1.5 Condition of handover
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General process of HO Algorithm

M.R.
preprocessing
OM forced HO
Directed retry
Penalty
processing
Basic ranking
Secondary
ranking
TA emergency HO
BQ emergency HO
Edge HO
Layer HO
PBGT HO
RSD emergency
HO
Fast moving MS
HO
Interf. emergency HO
Overlaid/underlaid HO
Load Sharing HO
HO judgment
Processing
program
1
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Measurement Report
Uplink MR includes uplink receiving level and quality.
Downlink MR includes downlink receiving level, downlink
receiving quality of the serving cell and other downlink

receiving levels from the neighbor cells.
Serving cell
Neighbour cell
The downlink
measurement report
of the serving cell
The uplink measurement

report of MS
The downlink measurement report

of the neighbour cell (BCCH)
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Page 12
MR interpolation
Every time BSC receives a measurement report, there will
be an update to the basic rank of the cells.
BTS may fail to receive the measurement report from MS.
Before the rank-update, BSC needs to recover the lost
measurement reports according to Filter Table. If the lost
MR amount is within the allowed range, then recovers the
lost MR according to the algorithm.
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Page 15
How to interpolate MR?
Continuous MR
flow
MR
MR
MR
MR
Measurement report
No. n+4
Measurement
report No. n
MR
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Penalty Processing
There are altogether four types of penalty process (second step of
HO algorithm process )
Penalty on the target cell when a HO fails.
Penalty on the original serving cell when an emergency HO
( base on BQ and TA ) is performed.
Penalty on other high priority layer cells after a fast moving HO is
performed.
A new HO attempt is prohibited within the penalty time after an
overlaid/underlaid HO fails.
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Penalty on the Target Cell
Punish the target cell when a HO fails. This is to avoid the

MS to select this cell again in next HO judgment.
Cell A
BTS
HO failure
BSC
Cell B
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Penalty on the Source Cell
Punish the original serving cell when an emergency HO

( due to BQ and TA) occurs.
Cell A
BTS
BQ& TA HO
BSC
Cell B
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penalty on Non-umbrella Layer

Giving penalty on the other three layers after MS handovers to
Umbrella cell by fast-moving-HO. This is to keep MS staying in

the umbrella cell and avoid frequent HO.
Back? No way!
Umbrella
Micro cell
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Penalty on Overlaid/underlaid Cell

A new Overlaid/underlaid HO is prohibited within a penalty time
after an Overlaid/Underlaid HO failure.
Overlaid
Underlaid
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Do not
attempt
again after a
failed HO!
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Procedure of Ranking
Basic ranking and secondary ranking of cells are major parts of
the HO judgment. Ranking is made through 16bits-algorithm.

The serving cell and the neighbor cells will be listed in a cell list
according to their 16bits value. The ranking processes include:
M rule
K rule
16bits ranking
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M rule
Only the cells with received signal level satisfy the following conditions
can be put into the candidate cell list.

For serving cell
RX_LEV (o) >MSRXMIN(o) + MAX(0,Pa(o))
For Neighbor cell
RX_LEV (n) > MSRXMIN(n)+ MAX(0,Pa(n))+ OFFSET
Pa(0) : MS_TXPWR_MAX(0) P
Pa(n) : MS_TXPWR_MAX(n) P
MS_TXPWR_MAX( ) : The appointed MS transmitting power by the
BSS.
P : Max_Power_of_MS
Max_Power_of_MS : MS maximum transmitting power
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K rule Criterion
After the M rule , the serving cell and candidate neighbor cells are ranked
in descending order according to the receiving level only

Both the serving cell and the neighbor cells have their own 16bits value.
The smaller the value is, the higher the priority and position the cell is in
the cell list.
The 1st-3rd bits: bit value is decided according to the cell signal level
and the penalty process taking place beforehand.

The values come from max. 6 candidate cells and 1 serving cell
according to the level ranges from 000~110. The value for the cell
with the strongest signal level is 000.
16 15 14 13 12
11 10
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The 4th bit: determined by HO hysteresis

The 4th bit: bit value is determined by inter-cell HO ( of the same layer )
hysteresis.
The 4th bit of the serving cell is always 0,
The receiving signal level of the neighbor cell >= The receiving level of the
serving cell + Inter-cell HO ( of the same layer ) hysteresis, bit 4th is set to 0.
The receiving level of the neighbor cell < The receiving level of the serving
cell + Inter-cell HO ( of the same layer ) hysteresis, bit 4th is set to 1.

Note: In PBGT HO, whichever the greater of the inter-cell ( of the same
layer ) hysteresis and PBGT threshold, that value will be used in the
PBGT HO.
16 15 14 13 12 11 10
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The 5th10th bit: determined by Layer

The 5th-10th bits: bit value is decided according to their position in
Huawei hierarchical network structure.

When the signal level of the neighbor cells or the serving cell is lower
than the layer HO threshold and hysteresis, this function is turned off
and all bits are set to 0.
That is to say only when the above criterions are met, then this
function take effect.

Huawei cell layers can be divided into 4 layers and each layer can be
further divided into 16 different priorities. So there are 64 different

priorities in Huawei hierarchical cell structure.
16 15 14 13 12
11 10
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Hierarchical cell structure

Umbrella
Cell
GSM 900
GSM900
Cell
GSM 900
GSM1800
Cell
GSM1800
Micro Cell
GSM 900
GSM 900
GSM1800
GSM1800
GSM900
GSM900
GSM900
GSM900
GSM1800
GSM1800
GSM1800
GSM1800
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The 11th bit: determined by load

The 11th bit: bit value is decided by cell-load-sharing criterion.
Serving cell: if Cell Load>= Start threshold of load HO, bit 11th is set to 1,
otherwise is set to 0.
Neighbor cell: if Cell Load>=Receive threshold of load HO, bit 11th is set to
1, otherwise is set to 0.
Refer to Load HO Table for the load HO threshold and load req. on
candidate cell.
Clue : When the cell load is higher than the threshold, then the bit 11th is
set to 1.This is done in order to put the cell in a lower part of the cell list.
16 15 14 13 12 11 10
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The 12th/13th bit: determined by co-BSC/MSC

12th bit: bit value is decided by co-BSC criterion.
Serving cell: is always set to 0.

Neighbor cell: if co-BSC with the serving cell, 12th bit is set to 0, otherwise
is set to 1.
When the signal level from the neighbor cell or the serving cell is lower
than layer HO threshold and hysteresis. This function is turned off and
the value is set to 0.
If the parameter Co-BSC/MSC Adj. in the HO control table is set to
No, then this function is turned off and the value is 0.
13th bit : Bit value is decided by Co-MSC parameter, having the same
concept as the 12th bit.
16 15 14 13 12
11 10
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The 14th bit: determined by Layer HO

The 14th bit: Layer HO threshold adjustment bit
Serving cell criterion
Receive level >= layer HO threshold layer HO hysteresis, bit 14th

is set to 0. At the same time, bit 13th, 12th and 10th5th bits are
set to 0.
If the above criterion is not met, then bit 14th is set to 1.
Example : 20-5 = 15 ( -95 dBm )
16 15 14 13 12
11 10
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The 14th bit: determined by Layer HO

Neighbor cell criterion
Receive level >=layer HO threshold + layer HO hysteresis, bit 14th is set

to 0. At the same time, bit 13th, 12th and 10th5th bits are set to 0
If the above criterion is not met, then bit 14th is set to 1.
Example : 20+5 = 25 ( -85 dBm )
note
The layer HO threshold and hierarchical hysteresis correspond to the

value of that individual cells value.
Usual situation : When the neighbor cells are of the same layer, each of
the neighbor cells layer HO threshold value will be the same. Same
concept goes for the layer HO hysteresis. This can maintain the entire
hierarchical layers of the cell.
16 15 14 13 12
11 10
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The 15th bit: determined by Cell Type

The 15th bit: Bit value is decided by cell type
Serving cell or Neighbor cells:

When cell type is extension cell 1.
When cell type is normal cell 0.
The 16th bit: Reserved bit
16 15 14 13 12
11 10
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Types of HO
Emergency HO
TA HO
BQ HO
interference HO
Rx_Level_Drop HO
Load HO
Normal HO
Edge HO, layer cell HO and PBGT HO

Fast moving HO
Overlaid/underlaid HO
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TA&Bad Quality HO
TA HO criterion :
TA of the serving cell > TA Thrsh.

BQ HO criterion :
The average value of the uplink quality of the serving cell >
UL Qual. Thrsh.
The average value of the downlink quality of the serving cell >
DL Qual. Thrsh.
Requirements on the target cell (same as the above two types of
HO)
Select the first cell in the neighbor cell list i.e. lowest 16bits
value.
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Rx_Level_Drop HO
Rx_Level_Drop HO
Due to downlink signal level drop

Triggered upon detecting rapid level drop during MS busy
mode.
Requirements for the target cell:
The target cell is the first cell in the neighbor cell list.
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Interference HO
Interference HO (DL&UL) :
When the receiving level > receiving threshold level. But

Receiving quality < threshold of quality interference.
The target cell is in the cell list.
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Cell Load HO
Cell Load HO Criterions :
System load of BSC < Permissible load of HO threshold

Load of serving cell > Load HO threshold
Requirements for the target cell
Load of target cell < Load HO threshold
BTS
BSC
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Edge HO
Edge HO Criterion:
In N seconds, when there are P seconds that neighbor

cells DL or MSs UL signal level is lower than the Edge HO
threshold. Then the criterion is met and Edge HO occurs.
This method utilizes the P/N rule.
The target cell should be ranked in front of the serving cell.
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Layer HO
Layer HO criterions:
Serving cell :
No requirement.
Target cell :
Layer of the target cell is lower than the serving cell.
Receive level of the target cell > layer cell threshold +
layer cell hysteresis.
Target cell should be ranked in front of the serving cell.
The priority of target cell should be higher than the
serving cells.
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PBGT HO
PBGT HO Criterions :
Target cells path loss is smaller than the serving cells path
loss by the PBGT threshold value.
Satisfying the P/N rule.
Target cell should be ranked in front of the serving cell.
Note :
PBGT HO can only occur between same-priority cell. If the

system permits PBGT HO for the cell, PBGT HO can occur
in either inter-BSC or inter-MSC.
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Fast-Moving HO
When the serving cell is micro cell :
When the MS has traveled through P numbers of cell, and

there are Q (=<P) numbers of cell that the MS has traveled
in high speed, the criteria is satisfied. MS will be handed
over to umbrella cell.
When the serving cell is umbrella cell :
When the MS is traveling high speed in umbrella cell, a

greater penalty can be given to the micro cell for a duration
of time (penalty time). In this way, the MS will not use the
micro cell. Note :In this case, the micro cell is only used
under urgency conditions( Poor TA and BQ ).
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Overlaid/Underlaid Cell
Assume, 6TRX in one cell, one CDU and one SCU are adopted
Where can we configure BCCH CH? CDU or SCU?
SCU
TRX
TRX
TRX
TRX
Antenna
TRX
Antenna
TRX
CDU
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Overlaid/Underlaid Cell
Purpose
Maximize coverage area

Reduce interference and improve frequency reuse density
Construct method
Different combiner loss

Decrease the power of TRX
By HO parameter, it is called IUO
Classify
Normal Underlaid/Overlaid
IUO: Enhance Underlaid/Overlaid
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How to Allocate SDCCH/TCH?

SDCCH
SDCCH are always allocated in Underlaid

Layer is allocated according the transmission delay of
access burst
TCH
The receiving level

TA
They are included in MR of SDCCH CH on uplink reported
by BTS
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Factor of Handover between Under/Overlaid

Normal Underlaid/Overlaid
Receiving level
Time Advance
Quality
Enhanced Underlaid/Overlaid
Receiving level
Time Advance
Quality
Traffic Load of Underlaid
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Normal Overlaid/Underlaid HO
:
Division of underlaid and overlaid is decided by MS
downlink receive level ,TA value and quality.
underlaid
overlaid
The quality boundary is elided in this figure
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Normal Overlaid/Underlaid HO
Criterion for HO from overlaid to underlaid:
TA value => TA threshold + TA hysteresis OR
RX_LEV <= RX_LEV threshold RX_LEV hysteresis OR
Qua. =>Qua. threshold
Satisfying P/N rule

Criterion for HO from underlaid to overlaid:
TA value =< TA threshold TA hysteresis AND
RX_LEV >=RX_LEV threshold + RX_LEV hysteresis AND
Qua. =<Qua. threshold

Satisfying P/N rule
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Enhance Overlaid/Underlaid HO
Criterion for HO from overlaid to underlaid:
TA value => TA threshold + TA hysteresis OR
RX_LEV <= O to U level OR
Qua. =>Qua. threshold
Satisfying P/N rule

Criterion for HO from underlaid to overlaid:
TA value =< TA threshold TA hysteresis AND
RX_LEV >= U to O level AND
Qua. =<Qua. Threshold
If the box U to O HO traffic threshold is checked, just in the condition

that underlaid load is more than this threshold, U to O handover based
on previous conditions can be triggered
Satisfying P/N rule
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Major HO Parameters Configuration

Major HO parameter configuration
1.[Handover Control Table]

2.[Cell Description Table]
3.[Adjacent Cell Relation Table]
4.[Penalty Table]
5.[Emergency Handover Table]
6.[Load Handover Table]
7.[Normal Handover Table]
8.[Fast-Moving Handover Table]
9.[Concentric Cell Handover Table
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Handover Control Table

Parameter
Value
range
It means whether the 12 and 13 bits acts in the 16bit order.

Yes means handover in the same BSC/MSC is preferred.
No means that the 12 and 13 bits are shielded and set to0.
Yes,
No
Yes
It determines whether to punish the target cell of handover

failure, or the original served cell of handover upon too big TA
or bad quality. The penalty measures can apply to cells in or
out of the same BSC
Yes,
No
Yes
It determines whether to perform the handover to share traffic

load. Load sharing can lower the channel assignment failure
ratio caused by cell congestion, so as to make evener
allocation of the service in respective cells, and lower the cell
congestion rate , and improve network performance. It on ly
applies in the same BSC or cells at the same level
Yes,
No
No
It determines whether to handle the fast moving MS with the

algorithm. It is only recommended in special a reas (such as
a highway), to lower CPU load. This algorithm should only be
used in suitable conditions, and usually it is not applied
Yes,
No
No
name
Co BSC/MSC
Adj.
Penalty
allowed
Load HO
allowed
MS Fast
moving HO
allowed
Recommend
Meaning
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value

Parameter
name
Meaning
Value range
Recommended
value
RX _L evel Drop
HO allowed
It means whether RX _ Level Drop emergency

handover algorithm is allowed, handover the MS
which receiving signal level is dropping quickly in
advance to avoid potential call drop. This algorithm
should be applied in suitable conditions, and usually it
is not used. To apply the handover algorithm, BSC
must have original measurement report.
Yes, No
No
PBGT HO
allowed
It means whether PBGT handover algorithm is

allowed. PBGT handover algorithm currently is
processed on LAPD board. To avoid Ping -pang
handover, PBGT handover is only performed between
cells at the same layer and with the same priority, and
meanwhile it is only triggered on TCH.
Yes, No
Yes
MS power
prediction after
HO
It means after a handover whether MS is to use

proper predicted transmitting power to access the
new channel. This can reduce system interference
and improve service quality y (this parameter acts
when intra BSC handover occurs
Yes, No
Yes
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Parameter
Meaning
name
Value
range
Recommended
value
Yes means perform measurement report

preprocessing on BTS No means preprocessing on
BSC, then the two parameters of Send original
measurement report and Send BS/MS power level
do not act. Yes means decreasing of Abis interface
MR.
reprocessing
signaling and BSC load, and improving of network

response time performance. The switch determines
Yes, No
where to perform power control. When it is set to

Yes, power control is performed at BTS side. When
it is set to No, power control is performed at BSC
side. When setting this parameter, first be clear
whether BTS supports the power control algorithm to
set or not.
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Yes

Parameter
Meaning
name
Recommended
Value range
value
Yes, No
No
Yes, No
Yes
It means whether to send the original measurement

Transfer
Original MR.
report to BSC after measurement report preprocessing

on BTS. When it is set to Yes, BTS sends not only
processed measurement rep ort but also original
measurement report to BSC.
It means whether to send BS/MS power level from BTS
to BSC. This function is used to view the effect of power
Transfer
BS/MS power
class
control on BTS. Meanwhile, when preprocessing is

available , if BS/MS power level is not reported, the uplink
and downlink balance measurements will be affected,
and handover types such as PBGT handover and
overlaid/underlaid handover needing power
compensation will be abnormal.
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Parameter
name
Value
range
Meaning
Recommen
ded
value
It indicates the time interval at which a measurement report

is preprocessed at B TS side and sent to BSC the
Preprocessed measurement report. This parameter acts
Twice per
Sent Freq. of
only when Measurement t report preprocessing is enabled
According to
Preprocessed
For 15:1 link configuration, the report frequency should be
second,
Once
MR.
as low as once per second due to limited link resource. At
per
second
conditions
this time, for handover nee ding P/N judgment such as edge
handover, layer handover, PBGT handover and
overlaid/underlaid handover
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Concrete
Cell Description Table

Parameter
name
Meaning
Value
range
Recommended
value
Layer of the
cell
Huawei hierarchical network structure is divided into 4 layers. 16 The

priorities can be set for each layer, which provides enough room
of network planning for the operator to adapt to various complex
network environment. Normally, Macro layer is the major 900 layers
layer, Micro layer is the major 1800 layer, Pico is the 900 and
1800 micro cell layer. The smaller layer value, the higher
priority.
1 ~4
M900 : layer 3
M1800:Laye 2r
Cell priority
Each layer may have 16 priorities, used to control the handover

priority between cells at the same layer. Usually priorities of priorities
cells at the same layer are set the same. For cells at the same
layer, the smaller the priority value, the higher the priority
1~16
Layer HO
Thrsh.
It affects the value of the 14th bit in the 16bit ranking , and it is
also the level requirement on the target cell for interference
handover and load handover. Then such level
should be higher than layer handover threshold + layer
handover hysteresis. The layer handover threshold should be
set >= Edge handover threshold + Inter cell handover
hysteresis.
0 ~ 63
25
Layer HO
hysteresis
Works together with the Layer handover threshold.
0 ~ 63dB
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Cell Description Table

Parameter
name
Meaning
Value
range
Recommended
value
Penalty on
MS Fasting
moving HO
It is valid when the fast moving handover algorithm is

enabled . It is the signal level penalty value on the other
neighbor cells when MS moves fast and is handed over
To umbrella cell. The parameter is only valid within the
penalty time.
0~ 63dB
30
Penalty
Time on MS
Fasting
moving HO
It means that within this time, the penalty on the other

neighbor cells will be exerted after MS is handed over
to umbrella cell by fast moving HO.
0 ~ 255
seconds
40
Min DL level
0n
Candidate
cell
This is the min signal level requirement for the cell itself
to be a candidate cell low configuration may easily
cause call drops, while too high a configuration might
turn handover too hard to occur.
0 ~ 63
15
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Adjacent Cell Relation Table

Parameter
name
Meaning
Value range
Recommended
value
Min
access
level offset
This offset is based on Min downlink level of handover

candidate cell. Different offsets can be defined for different
adjacent cells, and to enter the candidate cell list, the
corresponding adjacent cell receiving signal level must be
higher than the sum of Min. downlink level of handover
candidate cell and Min. Access level offset.
0 ~ 63dB
It means that PBGT handover is performed when the

difference between the target cell downlink path loss and the
corresponding to
serving cell downlink path loss is bigger than PBGT handover
threshold. When PBGT handover is enabled, and Inter cell
handover hysteresis > PBGT handover threshold
(corresponding dB value), Intercell handover hysteresis
takes place of PBGT handover threshold to act. . PBGT
handover threshold also needs to be adjusted according to
handover performance statistics result
0~127
corresponding
--64~63dB
It is around 68 in the
densely populated
downtown, and
around 72 on the
outskirts.
0 ~ 63db
It is around 4 in the
densely populated
downtown, and
around 8 on the
outskirts.
PBGT HO
thrsh
Inter cell
HO
hysteresis
Handover hysteresis between an adjacent cell and the serving

cell. It is set to reduce Ping pang HO. The hysteresis value
also needs to be adjusted according to the handover
performance statistics result and live network. Flexible
configuration of the value can effectively lead handover and
traffic between two adjacent cells.
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Penalty Table
Parameter
Meaning
name
Value range
Recommended
value
The signal level value in dB, to punish the target cell

Penalty level
after HO fail
which has caused a HO failure due to problems such

as congestion , to prevent MS from a handover
0 ~ 63 dB
30
attempt to that cell again. This value is only valid

within the penalty time for handover failure.
Penalty time
Penalty time on the corresponding target cell after seconds
after HO fail
handover failure
Penalty level
after BQ HO
fail
0 ~ 60second
10
0 ~ 63d B
63
0 ~ 60second
10
The signal level penalty value for the original serving

cell, to avoid Ping- pang handover after emergency
handover upon bad quality. It is only valid within the
penalty time for BQ HO.
Penalty time
after BQ HO
Penalty time for the original serving cell after BQ HO. seconds
fail
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Penalty Table
Parameter
Meaning
name
Eenalty
level after
TA HO fail
Penalty time
after TA HO
after IUO
HO fail
Recomm
ended
value
The signal strength penalty value for the original serving cell,
to avoid Ping - pang handover after TA emergency
handover. It is only valid within the penalty time for ta
0 ~ 63d B
63
0~
60second
10
0~
16second
10
handover
Penalty time for the original serving cell after TA emergency

Seconds handover
fail
Penalty time
Value
range
After an overlaid/underlaid handover failure (big circle hands Seconds over to

small circle or vice versa), within certain time (this Parameter configuration
value) overlaid/underlaid handover is forbidden for the same call
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Emergency Handover Table
Parameter
name
Meaning
Value range
Recommended
value
TA Thrsh.
When TAthis value, emergency handover is triggered
0~63 bit period
63
DL QUAL.
Thrsh
The downlink receiving quality threshold for BQ emergency

handover. When frequency hopping or DTX is enabled, RQ
becomes worse (normal phenomenon), this value should be
set to 70. The adjustment should also base on the current
network quality and handover statistics. When triggering
emergency handover, the first to select is the inter-cell
handover, the intra-cell handover is only triggered when there
is no candidate cell and the intra-cell handover is allowed in
the serving cell.
0~70,
corresponding
to BQ levels of
0~7
60
The uplink receiving quality threshold for BQ emergency HO.
corresponding
to BQ levels of
0~7
60
UL QUAL.
Thrsh.
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Parameter
name
UL
Meaning
Value range
Uplink receiving quality threshold in the serving cell for interference

handover. When frequency hopping or DTX is to enbaled , RQ
becomes worse (normal phenomenon), this
Recommended
value
50, interference
quality threshold
Qual.
Thrsh
value should be set to 60. The adjustment should also base
corresponding
on the current network quality and handover statistics. When
to BQ levels of
must be better
than
for interf.
triggering interference handover. If the serving cell is in the
0~7
the emergency
HO
first position and intra cell handover is permitted, perform
quality threshold
intra cell handover . Otherwise select the second candidate

cell to perform inter cell handover.
DL Qual.
Thrsh. For
interf HO
0~70,
Downlink receiving quality threshold in the serving cell for
corresponding
interference handover.
to BQ levels of
0~7
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50

Parameter
Meaning
r name
Value
range
Recommended
0~63
25
0 ~ 63
30
value
Min uplink receiving power threshold from the serving cell

UL
RX_LEV
Thrsh. For
interf.HO
required for interf. HO, when interference handover is

triggered if the uplink quality is worse than quality threshold
and at this time the uplink signal level is higher than the signal
threshold. When triggering interference handover, If the
serving cell is in the first position in the cell list, and intra cell
handover permitted , then start intra cell HO. Otherwise select
the second cell to perform intercell HO.
DL
RX_LEV
Thrsh. For
interf HO.
Min downlink receiving power threshold from the serving cell

required for interf. HO.
All rights reserved
Page 67

Parameter
name.
Filter
Parameters
A1~A8
Filter
parameter B
Meaning
Value
range
Recommen
ded
value
0 ~ 20
10
0 ~255
Used for configuration of filter for rapid signal

drop judgment, and together with filter parameter
B, they are 9 parameters for a filter. The
corresponding formula is (in the program, A1~A8
is configuration value minus 10 and B is the
negative configuration value):
C1(nt)=A1C(nt)+A2C(nt-t)+A3C(nt 2t)+
+A8C(nt-7t)
Where, C (nt) is the receiving signal level in the
uplink measurement report of the serving cell
sent at the time of nt. If C1 ( nt ) < B, and C (nt) is
below the edge handover threshold, then the
signal level is considered to be of rapid drop.
Used for configuration of filter for rapid signal
drop judgment. Please refer to the explanation
for A1~A8 of filter.
All rights reserved
Page 68
Load Handover Table

Parameter
name
System flux
Thrsh. For
load HO
Recommended
Meaning
The pre condition for load HO is that the system flow (signaling
flow) is lower the threshold. This value can not be set too high
because load handover upon max threshold may cause serious
effect to the system.
Value range
value
0, 8~11 system
flow levels, to
corresponding
10
0, 70, 80, 90
and 95.
0~7 cell load
Load HO
Thrsh
Load handover is triggered when the serving cell load is

than the threshold, TCH seized in the cell has reaching the
corresponding percentage.
levels,
Corresponding
to 0 , 50 , 60 ,
70 ,
75, 80 , 85 , 90
Load Req.
on
candidate
cell
The Load threshold for the target cells that can accept MS from
0~7,
serving cell in load HO, i.e. when the TCH under Idle mode in
Corresponding
the neigh bor cell is lower than the corresponding percentage

the cell refuses to accept MS from serving cell handed over due
to 0 , 50 , 60 ,
70 ,
to the load reason
75, 80 , 85 , 90
All rights reserved
Page 69
Load Handover Table

Parameter
Meaning
name
Value range
Recomme
nded
value
This configuration is related to the edge handover

Load HO
bandwidth
threshold. Load handover is only allowed when the MS

receiving level from the serving cell is within the range of
0~ 63db
25
1~60 seconds
10
1~ 63db
margin handover threshold, margin handover threshold +

load handover bandwidth
When a cell is up to conditions for load handover, all calls
within the serving cell will send handover request at the
Load HO
step
period
same time, this will cause abrupt increase on processor

load, and under certain conditions this will cause the
target cell congestion and result in call drops. Thereby,
step by step load handover algorithm is used to control
handover. The cycle is the time needed for handovers of
each step.
Load HO
step
level
The whole load HO bandwidth will be divided into several Sub-bands by

this parameter.
All rights reserved
Page 70
Normal Handover Table

Parameter
Meaning
name
Edge HO UL
RX_LEV
Thrsh.
Value
range
Recommended value
During the statistics time, if the time in which the uplink
25 (without PBGT
receiving level is lower than the value is longer than
handover, downtown),
certain time called continuous time, edge handover

will be performed. If PBGT handover is enabled,
0 ~ 63
15 (single station on
outskirts), 15 (with
Corresponding edge handover threshold will be set
PBGT handover,
lower
downtown)
30 (without PBGT
handover, downtown),
Edge HO DL
RX_LEV
Thrsh.
Downlink consideration for edge HO
63
20 (single station on
outskirts), 20 (with
PBGT handover,
downtown)
All rights reserved
Page 71
Parameter
name
Meaning
Value range
Recommended
value
It means that within the time statistics, if the

Edge HO
time in which the signal level is lower than
watch time
threshold is higher than the continuous time,
1 ~16 seconds
1 ~16 seconds
then margin HO is to be triggered
Edge valid
time
See the above.
All rights reserved
Page 72

Parameter
name
Layer HO
watch time
Layer HO
valid time
PBGT watch
time
PBGT valid
Recommended
Meaning
Value range
statistics time for Layer HO judgment
1 ~ 16 seconds
Continuous time for Layer HO judgment
1 ~ 16 seconds
Statistics time for PBGT HO signal level judgment.
1 ~ 16 seconds
Continuous time for PBGT HO signal level judgment.
1 ~ 16 seconds
time
All rights reserved
Page 73
value

Parameter
Meaning
name
MS
Fast -moving
watch cells
Value range
Recommended
value
The cell sum P for judge whether MS is fast moving.

The value, if too large, may cause abrupt increase of
system flow, while too small value may cause
1~ 10
1~ 10
1~ 225
15
inaccurate judgment for fast moving MS.

The cell sum N by which MS actually quickly passes. If
MS
within P cells that MS continuously past, the number of
Fast moving
cells by which the MS is judged to pass quickly is equal
valid cells
to or more than N, then the MS will be judged as a fast

moving MS.
MS
Fast moving
Time Thrsh.
The time threshold (2r/v) determined by the cell radius

(r) and moving speed (v). If the time in which MS seconds
passes the cell is smaller than the threshold, then MS
is judged to quickly pass the cell.
All rights reserved
Page 74
Common Concentric Data

Parameter
name
Meaning
Value range
Recommended
value
Assign
optimum
layer
In Overlaid/Underlaid, the following selection are available

for TCH assignment: (1) The system judges according to
the measurement report on SDCCH and assign to the
best sub-cell. (2) Select the overlaid first for TCH
assignment. (3) Select the underlaid first for TCH
assignment. (4) Do not give extra priority.
System
optimization,
overlaid ,
underlaid , no
preferential
System optimization
Assignoptimum
level Thrsh.
If system optimization is selected, estimate (interpolate,

filter) current SDCCH level value through uplink
measurement value in the former SDCCH measurement
report, and compare with Assign-optimum Level
threshold, so as to assign overlaid or underlaid channel.
If SDCCH is in the overlaid : edge handover threshold +
signal intensity difference between underlaid and overlaid
+ uplink and downlink balance allowance + SDCCH and
TCH difference allowance. If SDCCH is in the underlaid :
edge handover threshold + uplink and downlink balance
allowance + SDCCH and TCH difference allowance.
All rights reserved
0~63
Page 75
Parameter
Meaning
Value
range
Recommended
value
Pref. subcell
in HO of
intra-BSC
When the cell is configured into a Overlaid/Underlaid, there

are two processing methods for incoming handover request
in BSC: (1) No special processing for channel assignment.
(2) Add BCCH signal level value of the target cell in intercell handover request message to BSC to make BSC
allocate optimum channel for MS from underlaid or
overlaid
Yes, No
Yes
Incoming-toBSC HO
optimum
layer
If there is a incoming BSC HO, and the target cell is a

Overlaid/Underlaid, then, this parameter will show which
layer is preferred to provide service for the MS.
overlaid ,
underlaid ,
none
None
name
All rights reserved
Page 76

Parameter
name
Meaning
Value range
Recommended value
RX_QUAL
Thrsh.
In case of Qual. Is worse than this value, MS handover

from overlay to underlay
0--70
60
UO HO watch
time
P/N judgment statistics time for U/O HO judgment.
0 ~ 16 seconds
UO HO valid
time
P/N judgment continuous time for U/O HO judgment.
0 ~ 16 seconds
TA thrsh. Of
Assignment
Pref.
TA is more than this value, TCH in underlay will be

allocated
0--63
According concrete
condition
TA Thrsh. Of
Imme-Assign
Pref.
TA is more than this value, SDCCH in underlay will be

allocated
0--63
According concrete
condition
TA Prfe. Of
Imme-Assign
Allowed
TA attend allocation of SDCCH or not
Yes, No
According concrete
condition
All rights reserved
Page 77
Parameter
name
Meaning
Value range
TA Thrsh.
It must be bigger than TA emergency handover

threshold.
0~63 bit period,

with 1 bit period
corresponding to
0.55km
TA hysteresis
Works with TA threshold.
0~63 bit period
UO HO watch
time
P/N judgment statistics time for U/O HO judgment.
0 ~ 16 seconds
UO HO valid
time
P/N judgment continuous time for U/O HO judgment.
0 ~ 16 seconds
All rights reserved
Page 78
Recommended value
Normal Concentric Data

Parameter
name
Meaning
Value range
Recommended value
RX_LEV
Thrsh
Rx level hysteresis, Receiving Quality Thrsh.,TA

threshold and TA hysteresis jointly define underlaid
area and overlaid area. It must be bigger than
edge handover threshold, and the recommended
value is: edge handover threshold + signal intensity
difference between underlaid and overlaid .
0~63
25
RX_LEV
hysteresis
Works with Rx threshold.
0~63
UO signal
intensity
difference
Transmitting Power at antenna difference between

underlaid and overlaid may cause MS receiving
signal intensity difference in underlaid and overlaid
. The parameter usually indicates the antenna
EIRP difference in dB between underlaid cell and
overlaid cell. According to field measurement,
multi-point measurement is necessary if the
underlaid and overlaid use different antenna.
0~63dB
Set according to
actual conditions
All rights reserved
Page 79
Enhance IUO Data

Parameter
name
Enhance IUO
Allowed
Meaning
Value range
Enable function of Enhance IUO or not
Recommended
value
Yes, No
Set according to
actual conditions
UtoO Traffic
HO Allowed
Enable traffic to be one condition of HO or not
Yes, No
Set according to
actual conditions
OtoU HO
Received
Level Thrsh.
In case of receiving level in overlay is less than this

value, HO occurs from overlay to underlay
0--63
25
UtoO HO
Received
Level Thrsh.
In case of receiving level in underlay is more than this

value, and traffic in underlay is more than Traffic Thrsh.
Of Underlay, HO occurs from underlay to overlay
063
35
All rights reserved
Page 80
Concentric Cell Handover Table

Parameter name
Meaning
Value range
Recomm
ended
value
Traffic Thrsh. Of
Underlay
If the traffic in underlay is over this value, MS will

handover from under to overlay
0100%
80
Underlay HO Step
Period
If there are some handover requests from under to

overlay at the same time, system will handover the call
with level firstly. This value determine period per step
1255s
Underlay HO Step
Level
It is the step that handover band decreases, used to

control the grade by grade handover band from underlay
to overlay with underlay HO step level
163dB
Penalty Time of
UtoO HO
To prevent ping-pong handover, the call cant be handed

over back within penalty time when a call is handed over
from underlay to overlay
0255s
10
All rights reserved
Page 81
HO data lookup process
BA2 table defines BCCH frequencies of all neighbor cells. It is
sent to MS by system message 5, system message 5-bis and

system message 5ter on SACCH channel.
MS reports the serving cell and BCCH, BSIC and signal levels
of 6 strongest neighbor cells to BSS. This is done through

SACCH.
MR pre-process is done in BTS. Module number, cell number
and CGI of all neighbor cells are derived from Adjacent cell
Relation Table, and Cell Description Table (or External Cell
Description Table) through BCCH and BSIC in the MR.
All rights reserved
Page 82
HO data lookup process
BSC performs HO judgment process, such as basic rank of
cells (completed in LAPD board). When BSC finds suitable

target, It sends HO request messages containing the target
CGI to MPU of BSC. According to CGI, MPU derive the module
number of the cell from Cell Module Information Table.
MPU sends a HO command message to the target module and
step up the inter-cell/ intra-cell HO request counter by one.
All rights reserved
Page 83

All rights reserved
Page 84

1.1 Intra BSC Handover
1.2 Intra MSC Handover
1.3 Inter MSC Handover
All rights reserved
Page 85
Intra-BSC Handover Signaling process

MS
BTS1
BSC
BTS2
MS
Measurement Report from MS

Channel_Active
Channel_Active ACK
HANDOVER COMMAND
Handover Access
PHY INFO
Handover_Detect
PHY INFO
First SABM
Establish_IND
Handover Complete
Handover_Performed
All rights reserved
Page 86
MSC

Attention
In asynchronous HO, if MS could not reach the new TCH

channel after the target cell has sent PHY INFO up to max
times, the target cell reports CONN FAIL IND to BSC with
the reason: HO access failure.
After the above message is received, BSC release the
assigned TCH channel in the target cell .
Max resend times of physical information*Radio link
connection timer > Time interval between EST IND and HO
DETECT (120~180ms). This is to make sure that the
physical information reach MS.
All rights reserved
Page 87

MS
BTS (Original)
BSC
BTS (Target)
MSC
Measurement Report
Measurement Report
Channel_Activate
T12++
Attempted incoming internal inter cell handoversT09++
Attempted outgoing internal inter cell handovers
Channel_Activate ACK
Handover Command (Old FACCH)
Handover Access (New FACCH)
Handover Complete (New FACCH) T10++
Successful incoming internal inter cell handovers
T13++ Successful outgoing internal inter cell handovers

RF Channel Release
Handover Performed
All rights reserved
Page 88
Measurement Points of Intra BSC Handover

Handover formula definition
Internal inter cell radio handover success rate

=(Successful incoming internal inter cell handovers +
Successful
outgoing internal inter cell handovers) /
(Incoming internal inter cell handovers + Outgoing internal
inter cell handovers )
Internal inter cell handover success rate
=(Successful incoming internal inter cell handovers +
Successful outgoing internal inter cell handovers) /
(Attempted incoming internal inter cell handovers +
Attempted outgoing internal inter cell handovers)
Internal inter cell radio handover success rate >= Internal inter
cell handover success rate

All rights reserved
Page 89

All rights reserved
Page 90
Intra-MSC HO Signaling process

MS
BTS(original)
BSC1
MSC
BSC2
BTS (Target)
Measurement Report
Attempted outgoing interBSC inter cell handovers
Measurement Report
Handover Required
Handover Request
Attempted incoming interBSC inter cell handovers
Channel_Active
Handover_Request_ACK
Channel_Active_ACK
Handover Command
Handover Access
Handover Detect
Handover Complete
Successful incoming inter BSC handovers
Successful outgoing interBSC inter cell handovers
Handover Complete
Clear Command (HO Successful)
RF Channel Release
Clear Complete
All rights reserved
Page 91

All rights reserved
Page 93
Signaling process between MSC

MS
BSC-A
MSC-A
HO-REQUIRED
MSC-B
MAP_Prepare_HO
VLR-B
BSC-B
MS
MAP_Allocate_HO_NUM
MAP_Send_HO_Repor
t
MAP_Send_HO_Report_AC
K
MAP_Prepare_HO_ACK
HO-REQUEST
HO-REQUEST-ACK
IAI
ACM
HO-Command
MAP_Process_Access_Signalling
Clear-Command
MAP_Send_End_Signal
HO-Access
HO-Complete
Clear-Complete
MAP_Send_End_Signal_ACK
All rights reserved
Page 94
Some intermediate steps are omitted
Signaling process between MSC

MS
BSC-A
MSC-A
HO-REQUIRED
MSC-B
MAP_Prepare_HO
VLR-B
BSC-B
MS
MAP_Allocate_HO_NUM
MAP_Send_HO_Repor
t
MAP_Send_HO_Report_AC
K
MAP_Prepare_HO_ACK
HO-REQUEST
HO-REQUEST-ACK
IAI
ACM
HO-Command
MAP_Process_Access_Signalling
Clear-Command
MAP_Send_End_Signal
HO-Access
HO-Complete
Clear-Complete
MAP_Send_End_Signal_ACK
All rights reserved
Page 95
Some intermediate steps are omitted
Inter-MSC HO Signaling process

Signaling process Abnormal conditions
The following conditions will cause HO failure

MSC-B fails to identify the target cell.
MSC-B does not allow HO to the indicated target cell.
The target cell has no channel available.
VLR-B has no HO number available.
HO error or unsuitable data.
All rights reserved
Page 96
Inter MSC HOSubsequent HO process

Roaming
MS
MS
E
MSCa
MSCb
MSCb'
VLRb'
VLRb
BSS2'
BSS2
Radio transmission signal measurement
HO REQUIRED (target cell table)
Perform subsequent HO(MAP) (target cell ID, serving cell ID, MSC number)
Perform HO
(target cell ID, serving cell ID, channel type)
HO REQUEST (PCM&Channel type)

HO REQUEST ACKNOWLmargin (including New TCH number and HO number)
Allocate HO number
Send HO report(HON)
Radio channel ack. (MAP) (includes New TCH number and HON)
IAI
ACM
Subsequent HO ack.
HO COMMAND
HO DETECT
HO COMPLETE
Send end signal (MAP)

ANS
End signal (MAP)
Release (TUP)
~~
Release
CLEAR COMMAND
CLEAR COMPLETE
End signal (MAP)
~
~
HO report
Release HON
Cut physical connection between MSCa and MSCb
Release (TUP/ISUP)
Release HO report
Release HON
Cut physical connection between MSCAa and MSCb'
All rights reserved
Page 97
Inter MSC HOSubsequent HO process

Subsequent HO
MSC-A
MSC-B
MSC-C
MSC-C
Highway
All rights reserved
Page 98
Inter MSC HO Signaling process

Statistics countersame as Intra MSC HO, Statistics is
handled by BSC
HO formula-- same as Intra MSC HO
All rights reserved
Page 99
Major differences
There is no HO request information for intra-BSC HO, and all of the HO are analyzed
and processed in BSC. Once the target cell as required is found in the BSC, Channel
activation information is sent to it directly.
When the target cell is not in the same BSC, BSC reports CGI numbers of the serving
cell and target cell, and HO cause to MSC through Ho-Required. When MSC finds
the LAC of the target cell is in the MSC, it sends Ho-Request to the BSC of the target
cell, and the target BSC activates the target cell channel to complete the following
procedure.
When MSC finds that the target cell LAC does not belong to the MSC, it will query its
LAI and GCI Table (including LAC and router address of the adjacent MSC), and
send Prepare-HO message to the target MSC-B according to the router address. The
message includes CGI of the target cell and indication whether or not to allocate HO
number, etc. According to the message, the target MSC-B sends HO-Request
message to the target BSC-B after demanding HO number (unless it is not required in
the indication) from VLR-B, and sends Prepare-HO acknowledgement to serving
MSC after received HO-Request acknowledgement, to execute the next procedure.
All rights reserved
Page 100
Major differences
Inter BSC HO transfers HO-REQ message through MSC,
with CGI of the serving cell and target cell carried in the
message.
Intra BSC HO does not have any CGI in any messages, it is
handled inside BSC.

Intra BSC HO only sends HO-Performed to MSC upon
completion of HO, and MSC is not involved before that time.

In inter BSC HO, MSC is involved since the HO request .
All rights reserved
Page 101
Summary
In this course, we have learned:
Summary
Classify of handover
Judgment and Ranking step
Handover Data Configuration
Handover signaling Flow
All rights reserved
Page 102
Thank You
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Handover is key technology of Mobile

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Upon completion this course, you will be

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Chapter 1 Introduction of Handover

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To improve network service performance

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Timing Advance (TA) Emergency HO

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Synchronous handover: source

and target cell belong the same

target cell belong the different BTS

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Chapter 1 Introduction of Handover

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Chapter 2 HO Algorithm process

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General process of HO Algorithm

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Chapter 2 HO Algorithm process

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receiving quality of the serving cell and other downlink

The uplink measurement

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The downlink measurement report

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How to interpolate MR?

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Chapter 2 HO Algorithm process

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Penalty on the Target Cell

Punish the target cell when a HO fails. This is to avoid the

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Penalty on the Source Cell

Punish the original serving cell when an emergency HO

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penalty on Non-umbrella Layer

Umbrella cell by fast-moving-HO. This is to keep MS staying in

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Penalty on Overlaid/underlaid Cell

after an Overlaid/Underlaid HO failure.

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Chapter 2 HO Algorithm process

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