Perception

"WE DONT SEE THINGS AS THEY

ARE,WE SEE THINGS AS WE ARE".

Like
this......

what do you see?

Organizational
Behavior / Perception

Organizational
Behavior / Perception

Organizational
Behavior / Perception

Organizational
Behavior / Perception

Organizational
Behavior / Perception

Organizational
Behavior / Perception

Organizational
Behavior / Perception

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Organizational
Behavior / Perception

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what is perception?
A process by
which individual
organise and
interpret their
sensory
impressions in
order to give
meaning to the
environment.

perception is an important factor in human behaviour

Perceptions vary from person to person.
Different people perceive different things about the same
situation.
But more than that, we assign different meanings to what
we perceive. And the meanings might change for a certain
person.

One might change one's perspective or simply make

things mean something else.

Perceptual Process

Selecting Stimuli
External factors : Nature,

Receiving Stimuli
(External & Internal)

Location,Size,contrast,
Movement,repetition,similarity
Internal factors : Learning,
needs,age,Interest,

Interpreting
Attribution ,Stereotyping,
Halo Effect, Projection

Organizing
Figure Background ,
Perceptual Grouping
( similarity, proximity,
closure, continuity)

Response
Covert: Attitudes ,
Motivation,
Feeling
Overt: Behavior
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Organizational
Behavior / Perception

perception process

selection of stimuli
organisation of stimuli
interpretation of stimuli

selection of stimuli
selection is the first process in perception
the process of filtering information
received by our sense is called selecting
stimuli.
we are selecting the stimuli through our
senses, like...

 Sight

Sound

 taste

smell

touch

several factors are there which influence

selective attention

External

Nature
Location
Color
Size
Contrast
Movement
Repetition

Internal

Learning
Inner needs
Age difference
Interest
Ambivalance

ORGANISING
organisation is the second stage in the perception
process.
which helps gain the perceivers attention.
The stimuli received must be organized so as to
assign some meaning to them.
This aspect of forming bits of information into
meaningful wholes is called the perpetual
organization.

there are three dimentions to the perceptual

organisation

Field-ground differentiation
The tendency to distinguish
and focus on a stimulus that
is classified as figure as
opposed to background.

perceptual grouping
Continuity

Similarity

Closure

Proximity

 Perceptual constancy

Perceptual constancy is one of the advanced forms of

perceptual organization.
According to this principle, individuals perception of
certain elements in objects like size, shape, color,
brightness, and location is constant and does not change
from person to person.
For instance, even though the picture of an apple is
printed in black and white, we still perceive the color of
the fruit as red.
Perceptual constancy is enhanced by learning. Learning
helps individuals perceive certain patterns of cues in a
similar way and this leads to perceptual constancy.

 Perceptual Context
The context of the situation also plays a major role
in shaping the perception of individuals.
Different contexts convey different meanings to
people.
For example, if a manager pats his twoyear-old
son, it is considered a sign of love and affection.
However, if he gives an employee a pat on the
back, it is considered a sign of appreciation for the
work done by the employee.

interpretation
after the selection and organising the stimuli has to
interpret them in order to make a sensible meaning.
perceiver cant draw any meaning without
interpretation.
it is a subjective and judgemental process.
perceiver uses his assumption of people,things,object,
and situation.
he makes attributions,uses his judgemental skills
distorts information,adds/delete information brings his
own subjective feelings,opinion,and emotions,in
interpreting and drawing the measures

 Factors influencing Perception

Factors in the situation

Time
Work Setting
Social Setting

Factors in the perceiver

Attitudes
Motives
Interests
Experience
Expectations

Perception

Factors in the Target

Novelty
Motion
Sounds
Size
Background
Proximity
Similarity

Attribution Theory
When individuals observe behavior, they
attempt to determine whether it is internally or
externally caused.
There are 2 types of attributions that people
make:
Dispositional attributions, which describe a
persons behavior to internal factor such as
personality traits, motivation, or ability.
Situation attributions, which attribute a
persons behavior to external factors such as
equipment or social influence from others.

Perceptual errors/distortions

stereoptyping

stereo typing
Stereotyping refers to the generalization of the
characteristics of all members belonging to a
certain group.
People judge others based on the perception they
have about the group to which these individuals
belong and do not consider the unique
characteristics of the person in question.
For instance, politicians are considered to be
manipulative and corrupt.
In the organizational context, stereotyping often
takes place based upon gender, race, ethnicity, etc.

The Halo Effect

In the halo effect, the perceiver tends to judge
a person depending upon a dominant trait which
can be either positive or negative.
The various traits could be intelligence,
sociability,aggressiveness, etc.

The halo effect is generally found in

performance appraisal.
Often appraisers rate the performance of
employees based on one particular trait rather
than by taking all aspects into consideration.

Thank you