A

eukaryotic chromosome is a
molecule of DNA together with
associated proteins
Chromosome
Structure made of DNA and associated

proteins
Carries part or all of a cells genetic
information

 Sister

chromatid

One of two attached members of a

duplicated eukaryotic chromosome

Centromere
Constricted region in a eukaryotic

chromosome where sister chromatids are

attached

 Proteins

organize DNA structurally

Allow chromosomes to pack tightly

Histone
Type of protein that structurally organizes

eukaryotic chromosomes

Nucleosome
A length of DNA wound around a spool of

histone proteins

eukaryotic cells DNA is divided into a

characteristic number of chromosomes

Chromosome

number

Sum of all chromosomes in a cell of a given

type
A human body cell has 23 pairs of
chromosomes
Diploid

Cells having two of each type of chromosome

characteristic of the species (2n)

Autosomes
Paired chromosomes with the same

length, shape, centromere location, and

genes
Any chromosome other than a sex
chromosome

Sex chromosomes
Members of a pair of chromosomes that

differ between males and females

Karyotyping reveals characteristics

of an individuals chromosomes

Karyotype
Image of an individuals complement of

chromosomes arranged by size, length,

shape, and centromere location

Erwin Chargaf
Discovered the relationships between DNA

bases

Rosalind Franklin
Discovered the basic structure of DNA by x-ray

crystallography

James Watson and Francis Crick

Built the first accurate model of a DNA molecule

 Rosalind

Franklin, Maurice Wilkins,

James Watson, and Francis Crick

A DNA molecule consists of two strands

of nucleotide monomers running in
opposite directions and coiled into a
double helix

DNA nucleotide
A five-carbon sugar (deoxyribose)
Three phosphate groups
One nitrogen-containing base (adenine,

thymine, guanine, or cytosine)

Two double-helix strands are held

together by hydrogen bonds between
nucleotide bases

Chargafs rules
Bases of the two DNA strands in a double

helix pair in a consistent way: A = T and C

=G
Proportions of A and G vary among
species

 The

order of bases (DNA sequence) varies

among species and among individuals
Each species has characteristic DNA sequences

DNA

sequence

The order of nucleotide bases in a strand of

DNA

cell replicates its DNA before it

divides

Each

strand of the double helix serves

as a template for synthesis of a new,
complementary strand of DNA

DNA

replication results in two doublestranded DNA molecules identical to

the parent

 During

DNA replication, the doublehelix unwinds

DNA

polymerase uses each strand as a

template to assemble new,
complementary strands of DNA from
free nucleotides

DNA

ligase seals any gaps to form a

continuous strand

 DNA

replication

Duplication of a cells DNA before cell division

DNA

polymerase

DNA replication enzyme; assembles a new

strand of DNA based on sequence of a DNA

template
DNA

ligase

Enzyme that seals breaks in double-stranded

DNA

1) The two strands of a DNA molecule are

complementary: their nucleotides match up
according to base-pairing rules (G to C, T to A).

2) As replication starts, the two strands of

DNA unwind at many sites along the length
of the molecule.

3) Each parent strand serves as a template

for assembly of a new DNA strand from
nucleotides, according to base-pairing
rules.

4) DNA ligase seals any gaps that remain

between bases of the new DNA, so a
continuous strand forms. The base sequence
of each half-old, half-new DNA molecule is
identical to that of the parent.

Stepped Art
Fig. 6-8, p. 108

DNA repair mechanisms fix

damaged DNA
Proofreading by DNA polymerase

corrects most base-pairing errors

DNA repair mechanisms

Any of several processes by which

enzymes repair DNA damage

Uncorrected errors in DNA

replication may become mutations

Mutation
A permanent change in DNA sequence

Reproductive

cloning technologies
produce an exact genetic copy of an
individual (clone)
Reproductive

cloning

Technology that produces genetically

identical individuals

 Somatic

cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)

Method of reproductive cloning in which

nuclear DNA from an adult somatic cell is

transferred into an unfertilized, enucleated
egg
Therapeutic

cloning

Using SCNT to produce human embryos for

research

Because

of the difficulty of obtaining

human eggs for SCNT, researchers
have started to make hybrid embryos
for research using adult human cells
and pig eggs