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Upgrading and Repairing PCs

Modems
Modem: short for
Modulator/demodulator
Converts analog data into digital and vice
versa

Major Uses
connect PCs to the Internet
connect to remote mainframes for
electronic banking, terminal emulation

Modem Types
Internal modem types
PCI - replacing ISA for desktop computers
PC Card - used in notebook computers

External modem types


Serial port type dominant
USB port type can be hot-swapped

Modem Standards
V.90 56Kbps standard is the most
popular today
Replaced earlier X2 and K56flex 56Kbps
proprietary standards
Requires high-quality line

AT Command Set
so-called Hayes compatible mode
supported by almost all modems

Baud Vs BPS (Bits Per


Second)
Baud
The rate at which a signal changes frequency
per second
Measurement of signaling rate, not data
transfer

BPS
Measures the amount of data sent per second
Multiple bits can be sent with one baud

ISDN (Integrated Services


Digital Network)
No modulation or demodulation
necessary
ISDN modem is not a true modem,
but a terminal adapter (TA)
Speeds of up to 128Kbps

ISDN Services Available


BRI (Basic Rate Interface)
Aimed towards home users
Uses two B channels and one D for a total
of 128Kbps PRI (Primary Rate Interface)

PRI (Primary Rate Interface)


Aimed towards businesses
Uses up to 23 B channels and one D for a
total of 1984Kbps

Leased Line Services


T1
Up to 24 64Kbps lines for a total of 1.55Mbps
Can lease one or multiple channels
(Fractional T1)

T3
45Mbps (roughly 30 T1 lines)
Commonly used as backbones on the
Internet

Cable Modem
2-way service uses a network card
Requires hybrid Fiber/coax CATV network

1-way uses modem for uploads


May be internal card or external device
Used on older all-coax CATV networks

Shared access
May cause slowdowns during peak periods

Speeds up to 1.5Mbps

DirecPC and DirecDuo


One-way service
Uses satellite dish for downloads
Modem for uploads

DirecDuo
single dish for Internet and Satellite TV

FAP can limit speed of heavy


downloaders
Speeds up to 400Kbps

DSL
Digital Subscriber Line
large family of telco-based high-speed 2way services

ADSL most common form


Connects via Network card
Speeds
vary from 384Kbps to 1.5Mbps

Windows ICS
Internet Connection Sharing
standard feature of Windows 98SE,
Windows Me, and Windows 2000
Can share modem or broadband access

Uses 2 network cards when sharing


2-way broadband
One NIC for broadband
One NIC for connecting to network

Networking
Used to group computers together to
share data and resources
The Internet is a network of networks
Once reserved for large business,
many small businesses and even
homes now have computer networks

Network Definitions
LAN (Local Area Networks)
Networks of computers in a close proximity

WAN (Wide Area Networks)


Multiple LANs connected can form a WAN

Basic Network Components


NIC (Network Interface Card)
Used to transmit and receive data (frames)
on network

Cabling
100 Mbps Category 5 UTP (CAT5) most
popular

Clients
Computers that access the network

Basic Network Components


Servers
Computers that provide resources used by
clients on the network

NOS (Network Operating System)


Software used to administer the LAN/WAN

Novell NetWare
Windows NT
Windows 2000
Windows 9x / Me

Peer to Peer Vs Client Server


Peer to Peer
All computers are equals
Each computer is a client and can also act
as a server
Resource administration occurs locally (set
by the user)
Inexpensive
Popular with small companies

Peer to Peer Vs Client/Server


Client/Server
Centralized administration by a network
administrator
One or more computers are used to host
resources and are not used as clients
Client computers log on to server for
authentication
Upgrade option from peer networks

Peer to Peer Vs Client/Server

Network Topologies
Star
All computers form a star around a hub
(much like spokes in a wheel)

Bus
All computers are connected to a trunk

Ring
All computers form a ring

Types of Ethernet
10BaseT, Fast Ethernet
Use star topology
Computer failure does not shut down
network

10Base5, 10Base2 Ethernet


Use bus topology
Computer failure can shut down network

Ethernet vs Token Ring


Fast Ethernet
uses low-cost NICs, hubs, and switches
compatible with 10BaseT Ethernet
100Mbps speed

Token Ring
uses expensive NICs and MSAUs
requires bridge to connect with Ethernet
16Mbps speed

Wireless Ethernet
IEEE 802.11b standard
11Mbps
can connect with 10BaseT and Fast
Ethernet
uses Access Points to relay data between
network clients

Other Wireless Networks


RadioLAN MobilLINK
similar to wireless Ethernet
can be bridged to wired Ethernet

HomeRF
SWAP protocol
1.6Mbps speed
point-to-point connection
Can be bridged to wired Ethernet

Home Networks
Home PNA
Uses telephone lines already installed

1.0 version
1 Mbps speed
parallel port and internal devices

2.0 version
10Mbps speed
internal or USB devices only

Network Protocols
TCP/IP
Used on the Internet
Fast, reliable, connection based protocol

IPX/SPX
Used by Novell, much like TCP/IP
Being replaced by TCP/IP

NetBEUI
Microsofts early LAN protocol
Not routable, being replaced by TCP/IP

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