Carbohydrate Metabolism

•2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate pathway. RBC

•Fate of pyruvate
•gluconeogenisis
Citric Acid Cycle
2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
pathway. RBC
•. Alternative pathway in RBC b/c >
90% of total energy is met by
•Glucose freely permeable
•Glycolysis always ends in L.A.
•No PD Complex
• No net yield of ATP
• Provides 2,3 DPG which binds to Hb
A1, decreasing its affinity for O2, making
oxygen readily available to tissues.
•2,3 DPG is at nearly the same con- as
Hb.
•Only 1mol- of interact with each Hb
tetramer. It bind to β chain.
•Rise level is in anemia, high altitudes or
pul-disfunction.
Hexokinase ↓ PK↓
•2,3DPG ↓ ↑
•Affinity ↑ ↓
•O2 Unloading ↓ ↑
 Fate of pyruvic acid
• 1. formation of lactate
• 2. formation of acetyl coA
• 3. formation of oxaloacetate
• 4. formation of phosphoenolpyruvate
• 5. formation of alanine
• 6.reduction to ethanol (microorganism)
• 7. formation of glucose
 Reduction of pyruvate to
lactate

•Final product of anaerobic

glycolysis, major fate in rbc,lense,
cornea.kidney medulla,testes, and
leukocytes.
•1in exercising skeletal muscles
an ↑ NADH/NAD ratio favors
reduction so drop in intracellular pH
resulting cramps, eventually diffuses
into blood to liver for
gluconeogenisis.
•Lactate consumption (in liver &
heart)
depends on relative conc- of
pyruvate & lactate and NADH/NAD
ratio .
•Lactic acidosis
↑ Lactate in plasma.e.g.
2. formation of acetyl coA
 OXIDATIVE DECARBOXYLATION OF PYRUVATE. PDH complex
Pyruvate+NAD++CoA→AcetylCoA+
NADH+H+CO 2
• complex consists of a number of
polypeptide chains of each of the three
component enzymes,
• Pyruvate, formed in the cytosol, is
transported into the mitochondrion by a
proton symporter.
•Thiamine def- impairs glucose meta- In
alcholics
•Inhibited by its products, acetyl-CoA
&NADH(by a high-energy potential)
•In adipose tissue, where glucose provides
acetyl CoA for lipogenesis, the enzyme is
activated in response to insulin.
•Arsenite and mercuric ions react with the
SH groups of lipoic acid and inhibit
pyruvate dehydrogenase.
•Inherited pyruvate dehydrogenase
def-,
3. Carboxylation of
pyruvate to OXA

•Inside the mitochondria

•AN IRREVERSABLE REACTION
•Pyruvate carboxylase
•BIOTIN-DEPENDENT reaction
•CO2 is added.
• activated by Acetyle co A
•REPLENISHES INTERMEDIATES
OF TCA
•Provides substrate for
GLUCONEOGENISIS
5. formation of alanine
• A cyclic process. Final common pathway of metabolism
• Operates under aerobic condition only.(mitochondrial
matrix)
• Involves a sequence of compound interrelated by oxi- red.
and other reactions, finally produces co2 and H2o.
• Oxidizes 2 C acetyl gp
• Produces reduced coenzymes.NADH , FADH & one ATP
directly.
Citric Acid Cycle
Citric Acid Cycle
1.
Synthesis
of citric
acid
2.
Dehydra-
tion
3.
Hydration
Citric Acid Cycle 4.
Oxidation
NAD+ to
electron
transport
5.
Decar-
boxy-
lation
Remove
CO2
Citric Acid Cycle 6.
Oxidation
NAD+ to
electron
transport
Decar-
boxy-
lation
Thiol
synthesis
Citric Acid Cycle 7.
Hydrol-
ysis
Make
ATP
8.
Oxidation
9.
Hydration
10.
Oxidation
Citric Acid Cycle Summary
Citric Acid Cycle
Citric Acid Cycle
ATP Electron Transport
ATP from glucose
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
TCA ,GLUCONEO,TRANSAMINATION AND
DEAMINATION
Citric acid + fatty acid synthesis