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k 1
summation overHDH
the hourly data of the year;
HDD
24
Then
N= number of
CDH
CDD
24
Summation over
the hourly data of the weather data
N
year
CDD (To , k (t ) 21 )
k 1
Then
This work
The degree-day method is based on the
assumption that the heating or cooling load is
proportional to the difference between a mean
daily outdoor temperature Tm and an outdoor
temperature, called base temperature T b. The
mean temperature is the average of the
maximum and the minimum outdoor
temperatures during the day. The base
temperature is the outdoor temperature below
or above which heating or cooling is required
for the space, respectively.
(1)
(2)
The total heat transfer coefficient Ktot may be understood in conjunction with the overall
heat transfer coefficient Uov [W/m2 oC] of the building envelope, which appears in the equation:
qloss = Uov Aov ( Tb Tm)
(3)
Where Aov is the overall area of the building heat transfer envelope. It can be shown that:
Uov Aov = (Ui Ai )
Therefore
Ktot = (Ui Ai )
(5)
(4)
Table 1 Values of overall, effective overall and total heat transfer coefficients for several
building types under base temperatures of 28 oC and 26 oC for cooling in Jordan
*Units of Uov are (W/m2 oC);** units of Ktot are (W/oC); # units of Uov,eff are (W/m2 oC)
, Heating
Tb = 15.5 oC
Building Category
Uov*
Ktot**
0.9
573
2.09
Cooling, Tb = 28 oC
Cooling, Tb = 26 oC
Ktot **
Uov,eff #
Ktot**
35
22,000
17
44,000
1,333
44
28,250
22
56,500
0.83
758
370
21,150
185
42,300
2.75
2,510
612
35,000
306
70,000
0.79
3,830
571
172,500
286
345,000
2.65
9,309
768
237,500
384
475,000
0.92
2,813
1,052
201,000
526
402,000
2.8
7,059
1,282
245,000
641
490,000
0.75
1,710
921
131,000
461
262,000
2.67
6,078
1,081
153,750
541
307,500
Uov,eff#
(6)
(7)
Qyear = (Ktot / ) DD
(8)
Where is the efficiency of the heating or cooling system and DD is the
heating or cooling days for heating or cooling.
For heating, the degree days are given by the expression:
HDD = (1 day) days( Tb Tm)+
(9)
And for cooling, the degree-days are given by:
CDD = (1 day) days( Tm Tb)+
(10)
The plus sign at the upper right of the parenthesis in Eqs.
(9) and (10) indicate that only positive values are taken
into account.
The HDD and CDD are used mainly to calculate the
annual heating and cooling requirements, Qh and Qc,
respectively, in kWh such that:
Qh = (Ktot / ) HDD x 24/1000
(11)
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
8.7
9.7
12.8
17.0
21.9
24.9
27.1
26.9
24.6
21.4
15.4
10.7
15.2
16.7
20.0
24.3
28.6
31.4
33.5
33.3
30.6
26.9
21.5
16.7
9.5
10.4
13.3
17.0
21.5
24.4
26.3
26.5
24.7
21.6
16.1
11.6
7.0
7.8
10.4
14.9
19.8
22.1
24.2
24.1
22.0
19.1
14.1
9.5
7.3
8.0
10.8
14.5
18.9
21.6
23.3
23.6
21.6
18.7
13.8
9.6
16.3
17.7
20.9
24.9
29.1
32.4
34.8
34.7
32.2
28.4
22.3
17.6
8.0
9.5
12.9
17.5
21.8
24.9
26.8
27.1
24.4
20.4
14.1
9.8
Station
Amman
Aqaba
Irbid
Jubaiha
Taffieleh
Ghor
Safi
Ma'an
Location
.Jan
.Feb
.Mar .Apr
May
June
July
. Aug
.Sep
.Oct
.Nov
Dec
Amman
209
162
84
28
93
90
17
148
608
HDD
228
CDD
Aqaba
143
222
295
288
189
90
HDD 9
1227
CDD
Irbid
186
143
68
12
71
78
21
121
518
HDD
182
CDD
Jubaiha
264
216
158
18
42
186
884
HDD
CDD 9
Taffieleh
254
210
146
30
51
183
874
HDD
CDD 0
Ghor Safi
27
158
252
322
332
246
136
HDD 0
1473
CDD
Yearly
Table 4 Heating and cooling degree days for the seven Jordanian
locations on the basis of Tb
=
=15.5 oC for heating and Tb = 22 oC for cooling
Location
.Jan
.Feb
.Mar .Apr
May
June
July
. Aug
.Sep
.Oct
.Nov
Dec
Amman
209
162
84
90
153
152
81
148
608
HDD
476
CDD
Aqaba
205
282
357
350
249
152
HDD 9
1595
CDD
Irbid
186
143
68
72
133
140
81
121
518
HDD
426
CDD
Jubaiha
264
216
158
18
68
65
42
186
884
HDD
136
CDD
Taffieleh
254
210
146
30
40
50
51
183
874
HDD
90
CDD
Ghor
87
220
312
397
394
306
198
HDD 0
Yearly
Comparing heating and cooling degree days obtained in Tables 4 and 5 with those obtained by
Kodah and El-Sharawi(1990), those obtained from RetScreen(2013) and those listed in Alsaad and
Hammad (2011), Table 5 is arranged to show only the yearly heating and cooling degree days for
the above locations.
Table 5 Yearly heating and cooling degree days for the seven Jordanian
locations
compared with other works
This work
RetScreen
Kodah and
El-sharawi
Alsaad and
Hammad
HDD
at Tb = 15.5oC
CDD at Tb=
24oC
CDD
at Tb= 22oC
HDD
at Tb=18 oC
CDD
at Tb=18 oC
HDD
at Tb=15.5
o
C
HDD
at
Tb=18.3 oC
Amman
608
228
476
824
3411
791
1228
Aqaba
1227
1595
903
3477
244
Irbid
518
182
426
827
3416
28
1129
Jubaiha
884
136
827
3416
979
1478
Taffieleh
874
90
909
3337
996
1498
Ghor Safi
1473
1923
824
3411
23
147
Location
Te mp
re
e
C
,ratu
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
26.5
26.0
Te mp
re
C
e
, ratu
25.5
25.0
24.5
24.0
23.5
23.0
22.5
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Conclusions
1. Heating degree days in Jordan were found to
.Conclusions, contd