Microbiology

-Study of microscopic microorganism

(bacteria, fungi, yeasts, virus, protozoa) and
their effects on other living organisms/cells
and the environment.
-either unicellular (single cell), multicellular
(cell colony), or acellular (lacking
cells/without a cellular structure e.g. virus).
- Important to know the role and function of
microorganisms to humans and the industry as
a whole.

Welcome to BTE 2410

Introductory Microbiology

T4 phage
Cyanobacteria

Fungal wood degrader

Mushroom
Algae Cocconeis pediculus

Protozoa Entamoeba histolytica

Other Microbes
found:

Parasitic worm
Lichens/Fungi

Parasitic worm

Parasitic worms or helminths are a division of eukaroytic parasiteslive

inside their host. They are worm-like organisms that live and feed off living
hosts, receiving nourishment and protection while disrupting their hosts'
nutrient absorption, causing weakness and disease. Those that live inside the
digestive tract are called intestinal parasites. They can live inside humans as
well as other animals. Helminthology is the study of parasitic worms and
their effect on their hosts. Diseases caused in humans by helminth infection
Include ascariasis, dracunculiasis, elephantiasis, hookworm, lymphatic
filariasis, onchocerciasis, schistosomiasis, and trichuriasis.

Hookworms attached to the intestinal

mucosa

Lichens/Fungi

A lichen is not a single organism, but the result of a partnership (mutualistic

symbiosis) between a fungus and an alga or cyanobacteria. The algal and/or
cyanobacterial partner(s) possess the green pigment chlorophyll, enabling them
to use sunlights energy to make their own food from water and carbon dioxide
through photosynthesis.
The thallus, or lichen body, comes in four shapes:
Foliose: flat leaf-like lichens.
Crustose: crust-like lichens that may be buried in tree bark, or even between the crystals of
rocks.
Fruticose: miniature shrub-like lichens.one lichen of this type is the famous "reindeer moss" of
Lapland.
Squamulose: scaly lichens made of numerous small rounded lobes, intermediate between
foliose and crustose lichens.
Foliose

Crustose

Fruticose

Squamulose

Others yeasts, fungi, protozoa,

algae, blue green algae, plant and
animal cells too., etc.

Routine stuffs.
BTE 2440 (Intro. Micro.) Sem. I. 2013/14
Instructor
Prof. Dr. Mohamed Ismail Abdul Karim

Tel: 603-6196-4573

E-mail: akismail @iiu.edu.my

Office hours
Rm. E5-212.7
Lecture period:
Mon. 2.00 pm 3.20 pm
pm 3.20 pm
Room: ENG RM (EO-3-60)

Wed. 2.00

Course Outline
Introduction to the biology of bacteria, eukarya
and archaea, and prokaryotes organisms.
Topics include
Microbial diversity, systematics
Microbial nutrition, growth & control
Microbial metabolism & genetics
Microbial ecology & symbiosis
Industrial and applied microbiology

Course Objectives
Significant roles of microorganisms in nature
Basic knowledge of microbiology
- Biological Applications
- Industrial and Engineering applications
- Human diseases
Foundation for further courses and research and
development in biological and biotechnology
engineering

Evaluation method
Mid-term examination
Materials week 1-7
Quizzes
3% each quiz.

40%

Final examination

45%

TOTAL

100%

15% (5/6 total)

Texts
Required
Prescott, L.M., Harley, J.P., and Klein, D.A. 2008.
Microbiology (7th. Ed.). Mc Graw Hill.
Price: Around RM 80.00 (Available from Pn
Azizah, Dept. Biotech. Eng. Office)

Recommended
1. Madigan, M.T., Martinko, J.M., and Parker, J. 2000.
Brock Biology of Microorganism (9th. Ed.) Prentice Hall.
2. Talaro, K.P. and Talaro, A. 2002. Foundations in
Microbiology: Basic Principles (4th. ed.) Mc Graw Hill.
3. Tortora, C.J. 2000. Lab Experiments in Microbiology.
Benjamin Cummings Pub.

Biology?
Greek Bios = life + Logos = reckoning
What is Biology? Study of life
What is life for a biologist?
Life is a combination of all characteristics
common to all living things and absent from
non living things
Site where life exists is cell
Cell is the simplest functioning unit of
life

Characteristics of living things

microbial cell.
Respiration-gaseous exchange, aerobic,
anerobic.
Nutrition-inorganic and organic
Metabolism-anabolism, catabolism
Excretion-waste product transport
Sensitivity-stimulus, receptor, effector
Locomotion-movement
Reproduction-sexual and asexual
Growth-development

Hallmarks of Cellular Life

Microbes
Good guys vs. bad guys?

Bacillus anthracis

Lactobacillus

Neiserria gonorhrrea

Escherichia coli

Microbiology?
Micro (Greek mikros) = small
Organism = living body
Science of microorganisms (very small,
unicellular, multicellular organisms)
The discipline is just over a century old
(relatively new)
Foundation for Molecular biology and
Biotechnology

What is microbiology?
study of organisms too small to be clearly
seen by the unaided eye (i.e.,
microorganisms)
microorganisms include viruses, bacteria,
yeasts, protozoa, algae, and fungi

Copyright The
McGraw-Hill

20

History
Major events and figures:
Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek layu-wenhook(Dutch)-first powerful microscope
Louis Pasteur Dispelled Spontaneous generation
theory (Decayed matter could produce living
matter)
Robert Koch (German) Kochs postulate
disease caused by germs.
Joseph Lister introduce antiseptic agent. Sterilize
surface of humans with antiseptic agent can kill
microbes.

Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek

Prior, Robert Hooke (England)
described fruiting structure of molds
in 1664 utilizing compound
microscope. (Eukaryote-bigger size)
Size enlargement 20-30 times
Jan Swammerdam (Dutch) worked on
compound microscope.
Various technical difficulties
Wrote illustrated book Micrographia
which inspired Leeuwenhoek

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Discovery of Microorganisms
Antony van
Leeuwenhoek
(1632-1723)
first person to
observe and
describe
microorganisms
accurately
23

Figure 1.1b

Compound light microscope now with better resolution and

higher magnification

Dutch amateur builder,

Leeuwenhoek- saw prokaryotessmaller size in 1684. Discovered
first bacteria (Green algae)
Made over 500 microscopesessentially magnifying glass
Excellent lenses grinding, acute
eyesight and lighting adjustmentenlargement 200 times
Could only view microbes but no
techniques available to study them
until later in 19th century.

Spontaneous generation theory

Originated from Roman up to Middle Ages
Life form spontaneously arose from nonliving matter (decayed materials)
Eg. 1. Mixture of hay and water will produce
microbes after few days incubation.
Eg. 2. Dust carry microbes. Media in petri
dish if expose to air, can support growth of
microbes.

Louis Pasteur (French)

Co-founder of modern bacteriology
Dispelled Spontaneous generation theorycell need nutrients and does not
grow/dormant if without nutrients.
Pasteurs work with Pasteur flask
Sterilization technique Pasteurization
Heat liquid (wine) 55OC for few minutes
Attenuation of virulent microbes
Vaccination development for anthrax, fowl
cholera, rabbies
Discovered indirectly rabbies virus-agent
so small cannot be seen under microscope

Redis experiment
1668 Francesco Redi-proposed
maggots develop from eggs
laid by flies contamination
must take place here.
Meat in jars-open, closed,
closed with gauze. Maggots
developed only in open flask.
Utilized control.

1.

2.

3.

Needhams exp.
1745 John Needham conducted definitive exp.
Boiled chicken broth in flask

Let it cool (being exposed before being

sealed)
Sealed flask.
Microbes grew
Concluded that exp. supported Spontaneous
generation theory.

1.

Spallanzanis exp.
Lazzaro Spallanzani-suggested microbes
entered from air after boiling but before
sealed.
Flask 1 was left open
Flask 2 was sealed
Flask 3 was boiled and then left open
Flask 4 was boiled and then sealed
Place broth in flask, boiled, drew air out,
create vacuum, sealed, no microbes
grew In case of flask 4.
Critics-Spallanzani only proved that
spontaneous generation could not occur
without air. ( Need air besides nutrients)

2.

3.

4.

Pasteurs exp.
Louis Pasteur-boiled broth in flask,
heated the neck of flask, and bend it
into swan shape. Left flask and no
microbial growth found in broth.
Air entered flask but microbes settled
in neck of flask, could not entered
into broth, found no growth in broth.
If allowed the broth to touch with the
dust in swans neck of flask, microbes
are found to grow in the media).

Industrial Microbiology and

Microbial Ecology
Louis Pasteur
demonstrated that alcohol fermentations and
other fermentations were the result of microbial
activity
developed the process of pasteurization to
preserve wine during storage

Copyright The
McGraw-Hill

32

Pasteurization
Ontario, Canada Pasteurization Regulations for Milk
63 C for not less than 30 min.,
72 C for not less than 16 sec.,

Continuous Pasteurizer

Robert Koch (German)

Co-founder of modern
bacteriology
Koch works on germ theory of
disease.
Any disease has a causative agent.
- must be infected with the
causitive pathogn.
Discovered endospore in
Bacillus anthracis in sheep
blood.

Robert Koch-cont.
Purification of mixed
bacterial population
Pioneered usage of solid
nutrient media

 Staining techniques
with various dyes

Endospore stain - SchaefferFulton endospore stain method

(all 100X oil immersion)

Robert Koch-cont.
Steam sterilization technique
Sterilization parameter:
Autoclave at 121O C at 1.05
kg/cm2 (15 psi) for 30
minutes
Sterilization temp. is at
1210C/15psi/15min.- can
kill all microorganisms.

Kochs Postulates
Kochs postulate states:
1. Pathogen presents in all pathogenic infected
cases and absent in healthy organism.
2. Suspected pathogen grown in pure culture.
3. Suspected pathogen from pure culture
should cause disease in healthy organism.
4. Pathogen should be re-isolated in infected
organism and be the same with the original
causitive pathogen.
5. Disease is caused by pathogenic organisms.

Joseph Lister
Solved hospital disease (operative sepsis)-

open wounds caused by infection of

microorganisms.
Postulated that sepsis caused by pollen like

dust from the air (the dust carry microbes).

Clean and dress wound using carbolic acid

Clean wound with alcohol, can kill microbe

too.
Formulated antiseptic method for medical

operation

Immunological Studies
Edward Jenner (ca. 1798)
used a vaccination procedure to protect
individuals from smallpox
NOTE: this preceded the work establishing the role of
microorganisms in disease.
- Vaccination is the administration of antigenic
material (a vaccine/attenuated cells) to stimulate an
individual's immune system to develop adaptive
immunity (stimulate antibodies) against a pathogen.

40

Microbial study
Type of microbes: Bacteriology, virology,
mycology, etc.
Role of microbes: Microbial ecology affecting
growth. Its application in Medical, Industrial,
Environmental, Food and Agriculture sector.
Techniques utilized: characterization and
application using Molecular or microbial genetics
Purpose of study: Applied microbiology or basic
microbiology

The Scope and Relevance of

Microbiology
importance of microorganisms
first living organisms on planet
live everywhere life is possible
more numerous than any other kind of
organisms
global ecosystem depends on their activities
influence human society in many ways
Copyright The
McGraw-Hill

42

Microbiology is a basic science

Microbiologists study the basic biology of
microorganisms
e.g., microbial morphology
e.g., microbial physiology
e.g., microbial genetics

understanding microorganisms has

improved the understanding of other
organisms
Copyright The
McGraw-Hill

43

Microbiology important in applied

and engineering science too.

medical microbiology
immunology
food and dairy microbiology
public health microbiology
industrial microbiology
agricultural microbiology
Engineering application biotechnology products
and processes.
44

The Future of Microbiology:

Challenges and opportunities for future
microbiologists
infectious disease
new and improved industrial processes
microbial diversity and microbial ecology
less than 1% of earths microbial population has been cultured
Genetic engineering application
Biotechnology products and processes
Environmental application-pollution control and bioremediation
Petroleum and energy microbiology

45

What are Microbes?

Within 5 Kingdoms, Microbes are categorise into 1,2,3

1. Monera-Eubacteria and Archaebacteria

2. Protista
-animal like (protozoa)-Paramecium, Amoeba,
-plant like protists (euglenoids, diatoms)
3. Fungi: unicellular-yeast, multicellular-mushroom

4. Animalia-Coelenterates, Flatworms, Molluscs, Annelids, Arthropods, Echinoderms,

Chordates
5. Plantae Brown algae & red algae, green algae, mosses, liverworts, vascular plants.

Note: 1,2,3 difficult to see with our naked eyes.

** Robert Whittakers five-kingdom scheme proposed based on physical structure & metabolic properties
(visual-phenotype) in 1959.

What are Microbes?-cont.

Universal tree

** Carl Woeses domains proposed based on genetic

material similarity representing evolutionary line in 1990.

Ribosomes protein synthesis.

Ribosome involve in protein synthesis,
has mRNA (acting as blue print, transfer
genetic information)
Procaryotic ribosomes have sedimentation
value of 70S.
Eucaryotic ribosomes have sedimentation
value of 80S.

Domain-detail branches

Taxanomy-cont.
SuperKingdoms:
1.Prokaryote (organisms without membrane bound
nuclei)
- Monera only
2.Eukaryote (organisms with a separate nucleus)
- Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
3. Archae live in extreme conditions (high saline,
temp., pressure, pH conditions) (cell wall having
long chains of hydrocarbons attached to glycerol
rather than fatty acids and connected by ester
links), also lack peptidoglycan

Taxanomy-cont.
Superkingdom
Kingdom
Phylum
Class

Yeast
Eukaryote
Mycota
Ascomycota
Hemiascomyceti
dae

Human
Eukaryote
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia

Order
Family
Genus
Species

Endomycetales
Saccharomyces
Saccharomyces
cerevisiae

Primate
Hominidae
Homo
sapiens

Microbial Diversity
Microbial Taxonomy & Phylogeny.
Summary- diversity of organisms-best to group similar
organisms together.
Procaryotic gps. (Archaea, Bacteria/Procaryote) first to be
developed, followed by eucaryotes.
Found 5 Kingdoms have 3 Classes/Domain.Bacteria,Archae,Eucarya.
Classification possible evolutionary relationships
(phenetic classification) resently phylogenetic
classification become important- based on comparison of
ribosomal RNA structure and chromosome sequence
found treelike diagrams called dendrograms.

Cillia and Flagella whip-like appendages in cell

that are associted motility of cell.
Cillia 5 to 20 ug (microns) in length.
Flagella 100 200 ug in length.
Golgi apparatus sac-like materials (stack of
cisternae) found in cell - helps in development of
cell membranes and packaging of cell products.

Mitosis and Meiosis.

Mitosis asexual reproduction by eukaryotes.
Genetic material is duplicated and then separated
so that each nucleus poses a complete set of
chromosomes (process of nuclear division and
chromosomes separation known as mitosis)
Meiosis sexual reproduction by procaryotes.
Chromosomes is reduce by half (from diploid to
haploid state, daughter cell receiving one complete
set of chromosomes). Haploid cell which act as
gametes may fuse with other cell to form diploid
cell.