Tim Olimpiade Biologi SMAN 1 Bekasi

Bacteria, fungi, and protozoa belong

to the kingdom of PROTIST
Bacteria prokaryotes
Fungi, protozoa, human cell
eukaryotes

Prokaryotes???
Bacterial genome (chromosome) is a

single, circular molecule of doublestranded DNA, without a nuclear

membrane called nucleoid
Smaller, single or multiple, circular
DNA molecules called plasmid

Morphology
The shape of a bacterium is

determined by its rigid cell wall

Basic groups:
- cocci (spherical)
- bacilli (rod-shaped)
- spirochaetes (helical)
Coccal & Bacillus Pleomorphic

Arrangement
Pairs (diplococci)
Chains (streptococci)
Grape-like clusters (staphylococci)
Cubes (sarcina)
Palisades/angled pairs

(corynebacteria)

Gram-staining
Characteristics
Staining characteristics of cell walls
Gram Stain (first developed by Danish

physician, Christian Gram)

Gram positive (purple), Gram
negative (pink)
Gram positive bacteria are more
susceptible to penicillins than Gram
negative bacteria

Gram Positive

Gram Negative

Structure
Flagella
Fimbriae
Pili/Pilus
Glycocalyx (Slime Layer)
Capsule
Cell Wall
Plasma Membrane
Mesosome

 Cytoplasm
Nucleoid
Plasmid
Ribosomes
Cytoplasmic Inclusions/Granules

Flagella
Whip-like filaments
Act as propeller & guide toward

nutritional sources
Composed of many subunits single
protein, flagellin
Many bacilli have flagella

 Types:

- monotric (a single flagellum at one

end)
- lophotric (many flagella at one
end)
- peritric (all over outer surface)
Spirochaetes move by using axial
filament (flagellum-like structure) to
produce undulating motion

Fimbriae & Pili

Hair-like filament, shorter than

flagella
Pili mainly found on Gram Negative
bacteria
Pili composed of subunits of a protein
called pilin
Pili mediate the adhesion of bacteria
to receptors on the human cell
surface (initiation of infection)

Sex Pili
A specialized type of pili
Forms the attachment between the

male (donor) and the female

(recipient) bacteria during
conjugation

Glycocalyx
Polysaccharide coating that covers

the outer surfaces of many bacteria

Allows the bacteria to adhere firmly
to various structures (mucosa, teeth,
epithel, etc)

Capsule
An amorphous, gelatinous layer

surrounds the entire bacterium

Composed of polysaccharide (sugar)
& protein
Sugar determine serological type
within a a species

 Functions:

- adhesion of bacteria to human

tissues
- inhibits phagocytosis
- identification of organisms
- used as antigens in certain vaccines
Quellung Reaction
in the presence of antiserum against
the capsular polysaccharide, the
capsule will swell greatly

Cell Wall
Rigid
Multilayer
Porous
Permeable to substances of low

molecular weight
Composed by peptidoglycan

Plasma Membrane
Composed of a phospholipid bilayer

but not contain sterol

Function:
- active transport
- passive diffusion
- energy generation by oxidative
phosphorylation (fosforilasi oksidatif)
- synthesis of cell wall precursors
- secretion of enzymes & toxins

Mesosome
Invagination of plasma membrane
Binding site of DNA which will

become the genetic material of

daughter cell
Act as mitochondria for bacteria

Cytoplasm
Contains ribosomes, nutrient

granules, metabolites, & various ions

Nucleoid
Single, supercoiled, circular

chromosome
Contains about 2000 genes

Ribosomes
Sites of protein synthesis
Differ from ribosomes of eukaryotis

cells
Bacterial ribosomes are organized in
units 70S, compared with eukaryotic
ribosomes that organized in units
80S

Cytoplasmic Inclusions
Include polymetaphosphate,

polysaccharide, & Betahydroxybutyrate