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Psychometric Properties

and Processes

Dry Air Composition


Gas

% by Volume

Molecular Weight

Nitrogen

78.084

28.0134

Oxygen

20.9476

31.9988

Argon

0.934

39.943

Carbon Dioxide

0.0314

44.00995

Hydrogen

0.000001

2.02

99.997001

Molecular Weight of air = 28.9645 28.97


Molecular Weight of water = 18.02
Density of air at 1.01325 Bar & 0C = 1.293 kg/m 3
Density of water at 4C = 1000.0 kg/m3
Molar Volume of air = 22.4145 m3/kgmol
Universal Gas Constant = 8.314 J/gmolK
Dry Air Gas Constant = 287 J/kgK
Vapour (Steam) Gas Constant = 461 J/kgK
Mol. Wt. of H2O
Mol. Wt. of Air

18.02
0.622140 0.622
28.9645

1. Humidity Ratio / Specific


Humidity

mvap
md.a.

V/vvap
V/vd.a.

vd.a.
vvap

(1 / pair ).( Ro / Mair ).T


(1 / pvap ).( Ro / Mvap ).T

Ro
p.v ( M
)T
Ro
v (1p )( M
)(T )

pvap = Partial Pressure


pvap
Mvap
of Vap
Mair
pair
pair = Partial Pressure
of Air
pvap
0.622 X ptotal pvap
p = Total /
Atmospheric Pressure
If Ptotal is constant say 1.01325 Bar then w = f (Pvap)

)(

2. Degree of Saturation

wsaturated

0.622 ( pv / p pv )
0.622 ( pvs / p pvs )

pv
pvs

- - - - - - - - - - - - -v - - p
2
----

T
T-S Diag. for
Steam

p pvs
p pv

3. Relative Humidity

- - - - - - - - - - - - -v - - p
---s

vvs
vv

V / vv
=V / vvs

T
When Boyles Law holds
good

pvpv . vv = pvs
pvs

i.e. when

. vvs

then =

4. Dew Point Temperature td


T

- - - - - - - - - - - - -1
----2
td
Dew Point Temp.

S
Formation of Fog
Condensation starts on nuclei of dust or other floating
particles in air

5. Enthalpy of Moist Air

(from 0 to 60C)

ha = hair = cp . t = (1.005)t kJ/kg


1S
hv at A = cpw . td +(hfg)td + cpv(t-td)
= (4.1868)td +(hfg)td +1.88(t-td)
hv at A = hv at B
= (4.1868)X(0.0) + (hfg)0C + 1.88(t-0.0)
= 2500 + (1.88)t kJ/kg
2

- - - - -t- - - - - - - - - --td
- - -0
------ C
p

h = ha + w.hv
3
cpair = 1.005 kJ/kgK
cpwater(liq.) = 4.1868 kJ/kgK
cpvap = 1.88 kJ/kgK

5. Enthalpy of Moist Air


(contd.)
hmoist air = ha + w.hv at B
= 1.005t + w(2500+1.88t) kJ/kg of

d.a.
HUMID SPECIFIC HEAT
hmoist air = ha + w.hv
= (cpa + w.cpv).t + w.hfg (at
= (cphumid).t + w.hfg (at 0C)

0C)

where cphumid =(1.005+1.88w)


cphumid

1.0216 kJ/kg of d.a. (approximately)

6. Wet Bulb Temperature


p

v1

vs
s1
p
p
------- ---- ----------------- -t - - - - - - s-1 =- - - T -- -- - - - - - - - - - -p v1
p
---- - - - - - -t - - - - - - d
----

S
Considering Mass Transfer
mv = kd.A.(Pv Pv )
Considering Heat Transfer
mv . hfg = fg.A.(t-t)

Wet
Wick
1

kd = mass tr. coeff.


2Based on partial pr.
diff.
fg = heat transfer

6. Wet Bulb Temperature


(contd.)
Substituting for mv from 1 into 2
kd.A.(Pv Pv).hfg = fg.A.(t-t)
3
t = t (kd/fg).(Pv Pv).hfg
Here kd is based on partial pr. diff.
Also t = t (kw/fg).(w-w).(hfg)
4
where kw = mass tr. coeff. based on hum. ratios
Effect of Velocity of Air
fg = hconvective + hradiation
At high velocity (hconv. + hrad.)/hconv.

7. Thermodynamic Wet Bulb


Temp.
t1, w1, h1
AIR

t2, w2, h2
----------------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - -WATER
-------------------------------

tw (w2-w1), hw
(tw<t2 is
Air Alongwith Moistureassumed)
Get Cooled from t to t
1

Sensible cooling of dry air from t1 to t2 = Cpa (t1-t2)


Moisture w1 cooling from t1 to t2 = w1.Cpv.(t1-t2)
Supplied water gets heated from tw to t2 and evaporates
Sensible heating of water = (w2 w1).(t2-tw).Cpw
Latent Heat for evaporation = (w2-w1).hfg at t2

7. Thermodynamic Wet Bulb Temp.


(contd.)
Considering Energy Balance
Cpa(t1-t2) + Cpv.w.(t1-t2) = Cpw.(w2-w1)(t2-tw)+(w2w1).hfg at t2
t2 = t1 (w2-w1){(t2-tw).cpw+hfg at t2}
cpa + cpv.w1
If t2 and tw are equal
t2 = t1 (w2-w1).hfg at t2
cpa +cpv.w1
OR
t* = t (w*-w).h*fg
cpa+cpv.w

8. Wet Bulb & Thermodynamic Wet


Bulb Temperature
t = t (kw/fg).(w-w).hfg
t* = t (h*fg/Cp).(w*-w)
Le = fg/kw.Cp
If Le=1 then t1=t*

For Air-Water Vap. Mixture Le 0.945

Various Psychometric Properties

Humidity Ratio or Sp.Humidity, (w)


w = 0.622 X pvap
= 0.622..(p vs/pair)
ptotal pvap

Degree
of
Saturation,
pv
p pvs
pvs { p pv }

Relative Humidity
pv
pair
w
ps 0.622 . pvs

1(1

). pvs / p

Dew Point Temp.


Enthalpy of Moist Air
h = 1.005t + (2500 + 1.88t).w
Wet Bulb Temperature
Thermodynamic Wet Bulb Temperature

Psychometric Chart
Humid
Sp.
Vol.

Enthal
py

R.H.,

Dew
Point

Dry
Bulb

Moisture
Content
(w)
Wet
Bulb
Temp.
t*

Various Processes Using Chart


1. Sensible Heating and Cooling (Constant
w)
Standard Air
3
1

td

20C and 50% R.H.


= 1.2 kg/m3 of dry air
Cp = 1.0216 kJ/kg pf d.a.
ma = cmm. /60 kg of
d.a./s

t2

t1

Qs (cooling) = ma.cp.(t1-t2)
= ma.cpa.(t1-t2) + ma.w.cpv.(t1-t2)
= ma.(h1-h2)
= (cmm. /60).cp.t
= (cmmx12x1.0216/60). t kW
= {0.0204.cmm. t} kW
Lowest temp. possible is dew point temp. td

2. Humidification & Dehumidification


(constant t)
h2
h1

dbt

w2
w1

Heat Transfer to air (Latent


Heat)
= ma.(h2-h1)
= ma.{(Cp.t2+hfg(0C).w2)
(Cp.t1+hfg(0C).w1)}
= cmm/60. .(w2-w1). hfg0C
= 50.cmm.(w2-w1) kW

3. Total Heat Process


h3
h1
h2
Q = Qsensible + Qlatent
= 0.0204.cmm. t + 50.
w.cmm
= (0.0204. t + 50. w).cmm
kW

1
t1

w3

w1

t2=t
3

Sensible Heat Factors (S.H.F.)


SHF

Qs
=
Qs Ql

h 2 h1
=
h 3 h1

0.0204.
=
( 0.0204 50.

Mixing of two Streams


h3

ma1 ma2 ma3

h1
1

h2

ma1.w1 ma2.w2 ma3.w3


w
w
1
3

w
2

w3

ma 1. w1 ma 2. w 2
ma3

also h3

ma1.h1 ma2.h2
ma3

.h1

ma1
ma3

ma2
ma3

.h2

Now, h=1.005t +
w(2500+1.88t)
= Cp.t + hfg0C.w
h3 = cp.t3 + hfg0C.w3
= (ma1/ma3).(Cp.t1+ hfg0C.w1) + (ma2/ma3)(Cp.t2+
hfg0C.w2)

ma1.t1 ma2.t2
3
ma3

hfg0C ma1.w1
Cp
ma3

ma2.w2
ma3

w3}

The second term will be 0 only if Cp is considered as


constant which is not

ma1.t1 ma2.t2
3 ma1 ma2

Mixing With Condensation


2

w3
w4

4
1

wc

t3

w4 = w 3 w c

w4
h4

m1.w1 m2.w2
m1 m2
m1.h1 m2.h2
m1 m2

wc

wc.hf4

t 4 ? , w4 ?

ITERATIVE PROCEDURE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Assume value of t4 slightly more than t3


Find w4 and h4 for saturated air at t4
Obtain hf4 from steam tables
Find wc using equation 1
Use this wc and hf4 in equation 2 (equation 2
should be valid)
6. Otherwise assume another t4 and repeat

Spray Chamber Process

Inlet
Strea
m
Pump

Heating
or
Cooling

~
~
~
~
~
~
--------------~
--------------~
-----~

Eliminator

~
Plates
~
~
~ Outlet
~
~ Stream
~
~
~
Make-up
water

Means Of Humidification
Spray Chamber with large no. of droplets and
cross flow of moist air
Flow of air over large wetted surface
Injection of aerosol size droplets directly

If Mw is mass of moisture
added
m1.w1 + Mw = m2.w2
m1.h1 + Mw.hw = m2.h2
hair1=1.005t1 +
w1(2500+1.88t2)
hair2 = hair1 +
w (2500+1.88t )

Water Injected at 0C

tw = 100C
tw = wBT
tw = 0C

7
1

1. h1=h2 (Process is isenthalpic)


2. tw=wBT
Le=1
(Process is constant
wBT)
3. tw = 100C
(In this case max. heating possible)

Max. Angle Between Processes 1 & 3 is just 7

Various Processes on Psychometric


Chart

t1

BT =w

2B

tsc
2C
2D

2A 2E
2G

w1

2F

td

t1

1-2A
Sensible Cooling at Constant w
Temp. of cooling water >= td
1-2B Humidification at Constant DBT
Water is externally heated
1-2C
Cooling with humidification
Water is externally heated
WBT < tsc <t1 Enthalpy Increases though DBT Falls
1-2D
Adiabatic Saturation
tsupply = t1 and water continuously re-circulated
1-2E Cooling and Humidification
Water externally cooled, enthalpy decreases
1-2F Cooling and Dehumidification (tsupply<td)
1-2G Lowest Cooling Coil Temp. that can be used

Heating with Dehumidification


with absorbent
t1=t2
1
2

1-2 Ideal Process


(without heat of adsorption)
1-3 Actual Process

Ideal process
Adsorption process occurs in following steps
Process of dehumidification along constant
wBT
Moisture condenses on surface
Condensate enters pores because of vap.
pr. diff. by capillary action
Slowly vap. pr. diff. decreases
When vap. pr. diff. equals zero adsorbent
is saturated

Actual Process
As condensation occurs, latent heat
is released and air DBT increases (12)
Additionally heat of adsorption is also
released, thus further increasing DBT
along
(1-3) t1=t2
1
2

Chilled Hygroscopic Solution for


Dehumidifying

2
3

in
r
b
e

ts
ts = temp. of cold
surface or cold
brine

Brines and glycol


solutions exert quite low
vapour pressure.
1. Thus, initially the partial
pr. diff. is quite large and
hence rate of moisture
removal is high.
2. As the solution/brine
becomes weaker the
partial pr. diff reduces and
the process slows down.
3. The process thus cannot
be continued over long
time period.

General A/C Process


cmm

ts, ws
A/C
Apparatus

ROOM
ti, wi

RSH = Qs = 0.0204 cmm (ti-ts)


1
RLH = QL =
50 cmm (wi-ws)
2
ts, ws, cmm are three unknowns
Therefore, normally ts is fixed & ws & cmm are obtained

Q
Q
s
L

Summer A/C Process

S1

tADD = Apparatus Dew Point


RSHF =
RSH
.

RSH + RLH
RSH = Qs = 0.0204 cmm (ti-ts
tADP
cmmmin =
RSH
.
Dehumidified rise = (ti-ts1)
0.0204(ti-tADP)
Dehumidified air quantity =
cmms1
=
RLH
Bypass factor = X = hs1-hs
.
hi-hs
50 (wi-wADP)
=
RTH

Summer A/C With


Ventilation
mi

0
ms - mi

mo

Room Load

ms
2

ROOM
ti, wi

RSH

H
GS

RSHF

RLH

RTH

Ventilation Air OASH


(Outside Air)
Load

OALH

OATH

A/C Apparatus (RSH + OASH)


(Load = Q)
= TSH

(RLH + OALH) = (RTH + OATH)


TLH

Q=
=
=
=
=

ms (h1-h2)
(mi.hi + mo.ho) ms.h2
{ms-mo}hi + mo.ho ms.h2
ms(hi-h2) + mo{ho-hi}
Room Load + Ventilation Air Load

Grand Sensible Heat Factor


GSHF =

TSH
.

TSH + TLH
Even though ventilation heat load is an additional load on
apparatus,
for the room its effect is not felt and hence supply air conditio
still
lies on the RSHF line as well as on GSHF line.

Summer A/C with Ventilation &


B.P.F
mi
m
i

mo 1

ROO
M
ti, wi

Qs
QL

0
1*

2
2
*
S

H
S
G
1
F
RSHF
i
ESH
F

RSHF = Qs/QL
Minimum dehumidified air quantity = cmm at 2*
When ventilation is considered without B.P.F., the
mixed air (mo+mi) is given by state 1* for
minimum dehumified quantity.

When mo is decided on other considerations and with


BPF for A/C apparatus
with trials we fix state 2 such that
2 -S
1- 2

BPF
(1 BPF)

After fixing state 2, dehumidified air quantity cmm d is


obtained
Thus, knowing cmmd cmmi = cmmo
the actual state 1 of mixture is obtained.
Extending line 1-2 we get required cold surface
temperature.
Line joining i and s gives Effective SHF.

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