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and Processes
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Molecular Weight
Nitrogen
78.084
28.0134
Oxygen
20.9476
31.9988
Argon
0.934
39.943
Carbon Dioxide
0.0314
44.00995
Hydrogen
0.000001
2.02
99.997001
18.02
0.622140 0.622
28.9645
mvap
md.a.
V/vvap
V/vd.a.
vd.a.
vvap
Ro
p.v ( M
)T
Ro
v (1p )( M
)(T )
)(
2. Degree of Saturation
wsaturated
0.622 ( pv / p pv )
0.622 ( pvs / p pvs )
pv
pvs
- - - - - - - - - - - - -v - - p
2
----
T
T-S Diag. for
Steam
p pvs
p pv
3. Relative Humidity
- - - - - - - - - - - - -v - - p
---s
vvs
vv
V / vv
=V / vvs
T
When Boyles Law holds
good
pvpv . vv = pvs
pvs
i.e. when
. vvs
then =
- - - - - - - - - - - - -1
----2
td
Dew Point Temp.
S
Formation of Fog
Condensation starts on nuclei of dust or other floating
particles in air
(from 0 to 60C)
- - - - -t- - - - - - - - - --td
- - -0
------ C
p
h = ha + w.hv
3
cpair = 1.005 kJ/kgK
cpwater(liq.) = 4.1868 kJ/kgK
cpvap = 1.88 kJ/kgK
d.a.
HUMID SPECIFIC HEAT
hmoist air = ha + w.hv
= (cpa + w.cpv).t + w.hfg (at
= (cphumid).t + w.hfg (at 0C)
0C)
v1
vs
s1
p
p
------- ---- ----------------- -t - - - - - - s-1 =- - - T -- -- - - - - - - - - - -p v1
p
---- - - - - - -t - - - - - - d
----
S
Considering Mass Transfer
mv = kd.A.(Pv Pv )
Considering Heat Transfer
mv . hfg = fg.A.(t-t)
Wet
Wick
1
t2, w2, h2
----------------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - -WATER
-------------------------------
tw (w2-w1), hw
(tw<t2 is
Air Alongwith Moistureassumed)
Get Cooled from t to t
1
Degree
of
Saturation,
pv
p pvs
pvs { p pv }
Relative Humidity
pv
pair
w
ps 0.622 . pvs
1(1
). pvs / p
Psychometric Chart
Humid
Sp.
Vol.
Enthal
py
R.H.,
Dew
Point
Dry
Bulb
Moisture
Content
(w)
Wet
Bulb
Temp.
t*
td
t2
t1
Qs (cooling) = ma.cp.(t1-t2)
= ma.cpa.(t1-t2) + ma.w.cpv.(t1-t2)
= ma.(h1-h2)
= (cmm. /60).cp.t
= (cmmx12x1.0216/60). t kW
= {0.0204.cmm. t} kW
Lowest temp. possible is dew point temp. td
dbt
w2
w1
1
t1
w3
w1
t2=t
3
Qs
=
Qs Ql
h 2 h1
=
h 3 h1
0.0204.
=
( 0.0204 50.
h1
1
h2
w
2
w3
ma 1. w1 ma 2. w 2
ma3
also h3
ma1.h1 ma2.h2
ma3
.h1
ma1
ma3
ma2
ma3
.h2
Now, h=1.005t +
w(2500+1.88t)
= Cp.t + hfg0C.w
h3 = cp.t3 + hfg0C.w3
= (ma1/ma3).(Cp.t1+ hfg0C.w1) + (ma2/ma3)(Cp.t2+
hfg0C.w2)
ma1.t1 ma2.t2
3
ma3
hfg0C ma1.w1
Cp
ma3
ma2.w2
ma3
w3}
ma1.t1 ma2.t2
3 ma1 ma2
w3
w4
4
1
wc
t3
w4 = w 3 w c
w4
h4
m1.w1 m2.w2
m1 m2
m1.h1 m2.h2
m1 m2
wc
wc.hf4
t 4 ? , w4 ?
ITERATIVE PROCEDURE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Inlet
Strea
m
Pump
Heating
or
Cooling
~
~
~
~
~
~
--------------~
--------------~
-----~
Eliminator
~
Plates
~
~
~ Outlet
~
~ Stream
~
~
~
Make-up
water
Means Of Humidification
Spray Chamber with large no. of droplets and
cross flow of moist air
Flow of air over large wetted surface
Injection of aerosol size droplets directly
If Mw is mass of moisture
added
m1.w1 + Mw = m2.w2
m1.h1 + Mw.hw = m2.h2
hair1=1.005t1 +
w1(2500+1.88t2)
hair2 = hair1 +
w (2500+1.88t )
Water Injected at 0C
tw = 100C
tw = wBT
tw = 0C
7
1
t1
BT =w
2B
tsc
2C
2D
2A 2E
2G
w1
2F
td
t1
1-2A
Sensible Cooling at Constant w
Temp. of cooling water >= td
1-2B Humidification at Constant DBT
Water is externally heated
1-2C
Cooling with humidification
Water is externally heated
WBT < tsc <t1 Enthalpy Increases though DBT Falls
1-2D
Adiabatic Saturation
tsupply = t1 and water continuously re-circulated
1-2E Cooling and Humidification
Water externally cooled, enthalpy decreases
1-2F Cooling and Dehumidification (tsupply<td)
1-2G Lowest Cooling Coil Temp. that can be used
Ideal process
Adsorption process occurs in following steps
Process of dehumidification along constant
wBT
Moisture condenses on surface
Condensate enters pores because of vap.
pr. diff. by capillary action
Slowly vap. pr. diff. decreases
When vap. pr. diff. equals zero adsorbent
is saturated
Actual Process
As condensation occurs, latent heat
is released and air DBT increases (12)
Additionally heat of adsorption is also
released, thus further increasing DBT
along
(1-3) t1=t2
1
2
2
3
in
r
b
e
ts
ts = temp. of cold
surface or cold
brine
ts, ws
A/C
Apparatus
ROOM
ti, wi
Q
Q
s
L
S1
RSH + RLH
RSH = Qs = 0.0204 cmm (ti-ts
tADP
cmmmin =
RSH
.
Dehumidified rise = (ti-ts1)
0.0204(ti-tADP)
Dehumidified air quantity =
cmms1
=
RLH
Bypass factor = X = hs1-hs
.
hi-hs
50 (wi-wADP)
=
RTH
0
ms - mi
mo
Room Load
ms
2
ROOM
ti, wi
RSH
H
GS
RSHF
RLH
RTH
OALH
OATH
Q=
=
=
=
=
ms (h1-h2)
(mi.hi + mo.ho) ms.h2
{ms-mo}hi + mo.ho ms.h2
ms(hi-h2) + mo{ho-hi}
Room Load + Ventilation Air Load
TSH
.
TSH + TLH
Even though ventilation heat load is an additional load on
apparatus,
for the room its effect is not felt and hence supply air conditio
still
lies on the RSHF line as well as on GSHF line.
mo 1
ROO
M
ti, wi
Qs
QL
0
1*
2
2
*
S
H
S
G
1
F
RSHF
i
ESH
F
RSHF = Qs/QL
Minimum dehumidified air quantity = cmm at 2*
When ventilation is considered without B.P.F., the
mixed air (mo+mi) is given by state 1* for
minimum dehumified quantity.
BPF
(1 BPF)