Anatomy & Physiology

Lecture 1: Chapter 1
An Introduction to Anatomy and
Physiology
Pages: 3-25
Lecturer: Dr. Barjis
Room: P313/307
Phone: (718) 260-5285
E-Mail: ibarjis@citytech.cuny.edu
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Frederic H. Martini

Fundamentals of

Learning Objectives
Describe the basic functions of organisms.
Define anatomy and physiology and the various
specialties of each.
Identify the major levels of organization in
organisms .
Identify the 11 organ systems of the body and their
major components.
Explain the concept of homeostasis, including
both positive and negative feedback.
Using the proper anatomical terms, identify the
major body cavities.

The basic functions of organisms

Organization
Responsiveness
Growth and differentiation
Reproduction
Movement
Metabolism and excretion

The Specialties of Anatomy

Anatomy can be divided into gross and microscopic:
Forms of Gross Anatomy
Surface anatomy study of superficial marking
Regional anatomy study of specific area
Systemic anatomy study of system
Developmental anatomy study changes from
conception to physical maturity.
Microscopic anatomy includes two major subdivisions
Cytology study of cell
Histology study of tissue

Comparative Anatomy

All vertebrates
share a basic
pattern of
organization, most
noticeable during
embryology.

The Specialties of Physiology

Physiology is the study of the normal function of
cell, tissue, organs, systems and organisms
Physiology can be divided into the following
specialties:
Cell physiology study of cell
Special physiology - study of specific organ
Systemic physiology study of system
Pathological physiology study of the effect of
disease on cell, tissue, organ and system.

Levels of Organization

Levels of Organization

An Introduction to the Organ Systems

Integumentary system
Nervous system
Skeletal system
Endocrine system
Muscular system
Cardiovascular system
Lymphatic system
Urinary system
Respiratory system
Digestive system
Reproductive system

Homeostasis
Homeostasis is a stable internal environment
Every organism must maintain homeostasis for survival
Homeostatic regulation is responsible for keeping
internal environment within certain limits.

Two general points within homeostasis

Autoregulation or intrinsic regulation results when cell,
organ or system adjusts its activity automatically.
Extrinsic regulation - results from activity of nervous
system or endocrine system

Homeostatic regulation involves

A homeostatic regulatory mechanism consist of :
A receptor senses an environmental change
or stimuli.
A control center processes information
supplied by receptor and generates a response
(command)
An effector an organ or cell that responds to
the command of control center.
A variation outside the desired range triggers an
automatic response to correct the situation
Negative feedback

Negative Feedback: The Control of Body

Temperature

Positive Feedback: Blood Clotting

In positive feedback an initial stimulus produces a response that

enhances the change in the original condition. For instance:
Damage to blood vessel wall will cause release of chemicals.
Chemicals will trigger blood clotting
Clotting process increases release of chemicals
More chemicals means accelerated clotting
Accelerated clotting means more chemicals

Body Cavities
Body cavities are internal chambers holding vital
organs
Cavities protect vital organs
Cavities allow organs to change in shape and
size
Two body cavities
Dorsal body cavity includes the cranial cavity
and the spinal cavity
Ventral body cavity includes the thoracic cavity
and the abdominopelvic cavity

Body Cavities

Thoracic Cavities
The thoracic cavity contains the heart and lungs.
The thoracic cavity is subdivided into:
Left and right pleural cavities (each pleural
cavity contains one lung) lined by the visceral
and parietal pleura
The mediastinum contains the pericardium
(pericardial cavity), another serous membrane
that surrounds the heart
Animation: Heart Dissection (see tutorial)

Abdominopelvic Cavity

The abdominopelvic cavity is lined by the

peritoneum
The abdominal cavity extends from the
diaphragm to the superior margins of the pelvis
liver, stomach, spleen and most of the large
intestine

Abdominopelvic Cavity

The pelvic cavity is bordered by the pelvis, with

a floor of muscle
reproductive organs, urinary bladder and the
final portion of the large intestine

Animation: Digestive System Dissection (see tutorial)

Clinical technology allows many different views

of the body
X-rays
Computerized tomography (CT) scans
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans
Ultrasound images
Spiral CT scans
Digital subtraction angiography images (DSA)
Positron emission tomography (PET) scans

X-rays

Common scanning techniques

Special Scanning Methods

You should now be familiar with:

The characteristics of life.

The sciences of anatomy and physiology and their
various subdivisions.
The levels of organization in the human body.
The definition and importance of homeostasis.
The terminology associated with superficial and
sectional anatomy and the body cavities.