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Enterprise Resources Planning

Evolution of ERP

1960s: Inventory Control


1970s: Material Requirement Planning (MRP)
1980s: Manufacturing Resources Planning (MRP-II)
1990s: Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)

1960s
Inventory Management & Control
combination of information technology and
business processes of maintaining the appropriate
level of stock in a warehouse.
identifying inventory requirements
setting targets
providing replenishment techniques and options
monitoring item usages, reconciling the inventory
balances, and reporting inventory status.
4

1970s
Material Requirement Planning (MRP)
software applications for scheduling production
processes.
schedules for the operations and raw material
purchases based on the production requirements
of finished goods, the structure of the production
system, the current inventories levels and the lot
sizing procedure for each operation.

1980s
Material Requirement Planning

(MRP II)

Manufacturing Requirements Planning or MRP II


utilizes software applications for coordinating
manufacturing processes, from product planning,
parts purchasing, inventory control to product
distribution
Greater reductions due to the integration of
production & Inventory with accounting and HR.

1990s
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Multi-module application software for improving the
performance of the internal business processes.
ERP systems often integrates business activities
across functional departments, from product
planning, parts purchasing, inventory control,
product distribution, fulfillment, to order tracking.
ERP software systems may include application
modules for supporting marketing, finance,
accounting and human resources.
7

Enterprise
Where a transaction takes place.
Where customers get the

satisfaction.
Where the resources are available

for the peoples needs.


8

Why an ERP
1. Reduction of organizations operating costs
2. integrates all parts of an organization
3. Integration Increases the efficiency of
operations
4. Integration of information systems enables
seamless flow of information across the
organization.
5. Enables consolidation of different software in
the organization
6. Helps in better customer service
9

Resources
Money
Men
Machines
Materials
10

Planning
Proper Planning and Optimization of the

valuable resources make enterprise run into


profits.
Def of ERP

A Software Solution that addresses the


ENTERPRISE NEEDS taking the PROCESS
VIEW of an organization to meet the
ORGANIZATIONAL
GOALS
tightly
INTEGRATING all functions of an enterprise.
11

12

13

14

15

ERP for
Managers
Effective communication
Better decision making
Business process re-engineering help to

reduce confusion and conflict.


Tailor-made feedback on any issue.
Provides information on any stage of a
business process

16

SAP
MRP II 1972
ERP with R/2 architecture 1980s
ERP with R/3 Architecture 1992
mySAP in 2005

17

Problems Tackled by ERP Systems

Material Shortages
Productivity Enhancements
Customer Service
Cash Management
Inventory Problems
Quality Problems

18

ERP Products
SAP
BAAN
Oracle APPS
People Soft
JD Edwards
Marshall
Etc..

19

Domain Share Of SAP

20

SAP & Competitors


SAP R/3 had competition with Software giants
like Oracle Corp, People Soft & Bann.
Oracle with its E-biz suit packed to excel with
142 modules.
People Soft with its extra ordinary performance in
HR has stormed the market.
But finally failed to gain the confidence of Big
Enterprises.
Result is SAP Has become giant in ERP.

21

Few SAP Customers


IBM
COMPAQ
Hewlett Packard
AMD
Boeing
Mercedez
Toyota
Lucent
Hitachi
Nike

TATAs
Dr.Reddys Labs
Ranbaxy
L& T
Reliance Industries
Glaxo
Mahindra & Mahindra
Hero Honda
Growel
Colgate Palmolive

22

Consulting Companies
Price Water House Coopers.
KPMG.
Siemens.
Delloitte.
Accenture.
Cap Gemini.
IntelliGroup
TCS.

23

SAP R/3
What is all about

Systems Applications &


Products in Data
Processing
24

SAP
F u n c t io n a l
FI/CO

T e c h n ic a l

(Finance & Controlling)

S & D (Sales & Distribution)


HR (Human Resource)
MM (Material Management)
PP (Production Planning)

ABAP/4
Advanced Business

A d m in is t r a t io n

BASIS

Application Programming

Business Application

CA

Software Integrated

Cross Applications

Solutions

PS (Project Systems)
QM (Quality Management)
PM (Plant Maintenance)

Advanced

BW, APO, CRM, SRM, SEM, SCM,..

ERP -2 Products

EP, XI, Net weaver,..


25

THE SAP COMPANY


SAP AG in 2011revenues: 6,520 million
60,100 installations
19,300 companies run SAP
Providing 23 Industry Solutions
28,654 SAP employees (March 2003)
12 million users in 120+ countries team with us to
Integrate their business processes
Extend their competitive capabilities
Get a better return on information at a lower
total cost of ownership
More than 1,500 partners

26

SAP Milestones over 30 years

27

The SAP World


SD

FI

Sales &
Distribution

Financial
Accounting

MM

CO

Materials
Mgmt.

Controlling

PP

QM

AM

R/3

Production
Planning

Fixed Assets
Mgmt.

PS

Client / Server

Quality
Management PM
Plant Maintenance

HR

Human
Resources

WF

IS

Project
System

Workflow

Industry
Solutions

28

SAP R/3 Customer


Installations by Industry
Others 11.5%
SAP BANKING 2.0%
SAP MEDIA 2.3%
SAP HEALTHCARE 2.3%
Metal, Paper & Wood
Products 2.8%
Services 3.1%
SAP OIL & GAS 3.2%
SAP TELECOMMUNICATIONS 3.4%

SAP HIGH TECH &


ELECTRONICS 11.3%
SAP ENGINEERING &
CONSTRUCTION 10.5%

Worldwide

SAP CONSUMER
PRODUCTS 10.3%

SAP PHARMA CEUTICALS 3.4%


SAP PUBLIC SECTOR 3.4%

SAP CHEMICALS 9.5%

SAP UTILITIES 3.9%


SAP AUTOMOTIVE 4.8%

SAP RETAIL 6.3%

Consulting & Professional Services 6.0%

29

Industry Solutions

30

Aerospace and Defense


Apparel and Footwear
Automotive
Chemicals
Consumer Products
Trade Promotion Management
Key Account Management

Distributor Reseller Management


Financial Services
Banking
Insurances
Collections and Disbursement
Incentives & Commission
Management
Claims Management

Healthcare
High Tech
Media
Oil&Gas
Pharmaceuticals
Public Sector
Real Estate
Retail
Agency Business
Category Management
Store Management

Service Providers
Telco

Asset & Liabilities


Management

31

The SAP R/3 Architecture


SAP R/3 works on Three Tier Architecture

UserTerminal

ApplicationServer

DataCreation
Modification
Retrieval

Managing
User
Requests

DatabaseServer

DataStorage

32

3-Tier Client/Server Architecture


Communication
The Presentation Layer
collects user input and
creates process requests.
The Application Layer
uses the application logic of
SAP programs to collect and
process the process requests.
The Database Layer
stores and retrieves all data.

33

Secure
Information

Multi-Lingual

Integrated

SAP
Multi-Currency

Best Business
Practices

Enterprise-Wide
34

SAP - characteristics
Highly Integrated solution covering entire business processes
Technically capable of utilizing the network infrastructure
Open system to ensure freedom to choose
Provides multiple ways of configuring business processes
Solutions in areas where currently no systems
Workflow enabled business processes
Enables to exploit the power of Intranet and Internet

35

Common SAP objectives


Cost Control & increased profitability
Increased productivity of all resources man, material

& money
Process Standardization
Transparency in operations, resulting in better
communication
Shift from post-mortem scenario to predictive scenario
36

Results of Integration
Focus on Business Processes
Elimination of Redundant Data (Common Constant

Data)
Easier Corporate Consolidation
Better Managerial Control
Elimination of Interfaces
Faster reaction to changing structures
37

Success factors for SAP


implementation
Top Management Commitment & communication

down-the-line
Empowerment
Change management
Training
Compliance to methodology

38

SAP IMPLEMENTATION PHASES


Project Planning
Business Process Study & Analysis
Installation
Training
Business Requirement mapping
Configuration
Modifications / Interfaces
Data Conversion
Documentation
Testing
Go-Live
Post production support
39

Implementation
Methodology

40

SAP TYPICAL BLUE PRINT

41

SALES AND DISTRIBUTION

42

Customer Order

Final Payment

Picking

Accounts Receivable

Goods Issue

Billing
43

Master
Data
Sales
Support

Foreign
Trade
Sales

Shipping

Sales
Info
System

Billing
Transportation

44

SD
Mechanisms to execute the business

processes used in the selling, shipping


and billing of products and services
Tightly coupled data flow to the other SAP

modules Integration
Flexible and robust functionality that is

tailored through configuration

45

GENERAL SETTINGS
COUNTRY
CURRENCY
TIME ZONE
CALENDER

FACTORY
VENDOR

UNITS OF MEASURE

CUSTOME
R
BASE

SALE

DELIVERY
46

ORGANIZATION
STRUCTURE
CREDIT CNTRL AREA

P.ORGN

CNTRL AREA
COMPANY
COMPANY-CODE

SHPNG PT

P.GRP
SALES ORGN
DIS CHNL
SALES
AREA

PLANT

DIVISION

SALES ORGN+DIST CHNL

SALES OFF
SALES GRP
EMP

EMP
47

Sales Organization
Sells and distributes products, negotiates

terms of sales and is responsible for these


business transactions
Critical organization element to the definition
of business markets
A business transaction is linked to one Sales
Organization

48

Distribution Channel
Identifies how products and services reach

the customer
Can be assigned to one or more Sales
Organizations

49

Division
Often times used to define product line

distribution
Organization level to which customer specific
information and requirements are maintained
e.g. pricing, partial delivery
Assigned to one or more Sales Organizations

50

Sales Area
Organizational element comprised of:
Sales Organization
Distribution Channel
Division
Will be used to link together the

organizational aspects of sales to customers


Used for statistical analysis

51

Sales Area
Domestic Sales
Sales Organization
SO00

Direct
Distribution Channel
DI

Baseball
Division
BB

Softball
Division
SB

Wholesale
Distribution Channel
WH

Baseball
Division
BB

Softball
Division
SB

Retail
Distribution Channel
RE

Baseball
Division
BB

Softball
Division
SB
52

Sales Office
Typically defines a territory or market area
Linked to one or more Sales Areas
Optional organization structure

53

Sales Group
Sales Group
Sub-division of a sales office, territory or market

54

Sales Person
Sales Person
Defined in HR Personnel Admin.
Specifically defines an individual rather than a
position (sales rep.) in sales processing

55

Shipping Point & Loading


Point
Shipping Point
Location that performs all delivery related
activities
Assigned a factory calendar
A delivery can be processed from only one
shipping point
Loading Point
A subdivision of the shipping point used for
more specialized handling

56

r
ate
ial

Cu
s to
me
r

M
Master
Data

Pricing
57

Customer Master Record


Material Master Record
CMIR
Condition Master
Output Materdata
58

-General

Data

Basic Unit of Measure


Division
Material Group
Sales Unit
Delivering Plant
Cash discount
-Tax data
Country
Tax category
Tax classification
-Quantity stipulations

Basic Data 1 - 2
Classification
Sales: sales org. 1 - 2
Sales: general/plant
Purchasing
Foreign Trade: Import Data
Sales: text
Purchase order: text
MRP 1 - 4
Forecasting
Storage 1 - 2
Warehouse Management 1 - 2
Quality Management
Accounting 1 - 2
Costing 1 - 2

Min. order quantity


Min. delivery quantity
Delivery unit

59

Industry Sector:
1
Retail
2
Aerospace & Defense
3
Service Provider
A
Plant Engin./Construction
B
Beverage
C
Chemical Industry
F
Food and Related Products
M
Mechanical Engineering
P
Pharmaceuticals
T
Telecommunication
W
Retailing

60

FERT Finished product


ROH Raw material
HAWATrading goods
KMAT Configurable material

61

Base Unit of Measure


The Base Unit of Measure is
the unit of measure in
which stocks are
managed within your company.
Division
You may enter the Division
which your product is in
for sales
(defaults if entered in the Basic data screen).
Material Group
A (freely definable) key thats
used to group several
materials or
services for analysis/reporting as well as
search by match code.
Sales Unit
This is the unit of measure in which
the material is
sold, if different from
the base unit of measure.
Delivering Plant
is available for sale.
default value only.

Plant, from which the material


This is a
62

Tax data
Country
Tax category

Country
Taxes, applicable to this material (e.g. Federal, State
taxes in US, VAT in GB)

Tax classification

taxable, exempt

Quantity stipulations
Min. order quantity

Min. quantity a customer can order (in base unit of


measure).

Min. delivery quantity

Min. delivery quantity to a customer.

Delivery unit

Only multiples of this number will be delivered to the


customer.

63

Basic Data 1 - 2
Classification
Sales: sales org. 1 - 2

-Grouping terms

Sales: general/plant
Purchasing

Matl statistics group


Material pricing grp
Volume rebate group
Acct assignment grp
Commission group
Item Category group

Foreign Trade: Import Data


Sales: text
Purchase order: text
MRP 1 - 4
Forecasting
Storage 1 - 2
Warehouse Management 1 - 2
Quality Management
Accounting 1 - 2
Costing 1 - 2

64

Matl statistics group

Helps to determine which data the system updates in the


Logistics Information System (LIS).

Material pricing grp

A way to group materials with similar pricing conditions.

Volume rebate groupA material can be assigned to a volume rebate group (e.g.
Low Rebate, High Rebate) if the material qualifies for rebate.
Acct assignment grp

A grouping of materials with the same accounting


requirements (used to determine revenue and sales deduction
accounts)

Commission group

Several materials can be assigned to the same commission


group, if the commission sharing between representatives is
the same for these materials (e.g. Rep.A: 6%, Rep.B: 10%,
Rep C: 12%).

Item Category groupA grouping of materials, that helps the system determine the
Item Category. Item Category determines how a specific item
is processed by system. E.g. a text item is not relevant for
pricing.

65

Basic Data 1 - 2

General data
Base unit
Gross weight
Net weight
Avail. Check
Shipping data (times in days)
Trans. Grp
LoadingGrp
Packaging material data
Matl grp ship. matls
General plant parameters

Classification
Sales: sales org. 1 - 2
Sales: general/plant
Purchasing
Foreign Trade: Import Data
Sales text
Purchase order: text
MRP 1 - 4
Forecasting
Storage 1 - 2
Warehouse Management 1 - 2
Quality Management
Accounting 1 - 2
Costing 1 - 2

Negative stock

66

General data
Base unit

The Base Unit of Measure is the unit of measure in which


stocks are managed within your company.

Gross weight

In Base Units of Measure.

Net weight

In Base Units of Measure.

Avail. Check

Tells the system when to do an availability check, as well as


which MRP elements (such as purchase orders,
reservations) to include in the check.

Shipping data (times in days)


Trans. Grp

Transportation groups are groups of materials that have


the same transportation requirements. For example, all
goods that need refrigeration.

Loading Grp

Loading groups define materials that have the same loading


requirements, such as forklift truck, or crane.

67

Packaging material data


Matl grp ship. matls, or
Material group shipping materials

Freely definable group name, which is used to


indicate groups of materials with similar
shipping materials, such as liquids or bulk, for
example.

General plant parameters


Negative stock

Check mark indicator, which specifies whether


negative stock is allowed at that plant.

68

Basic Data 1 - 2
Classification
Sales: sales org. 1 - 2

- Sales texts

Text
specific to
the material
and in an
appropriate
language.

Sales: general/plant
Purchasing
Foreign Trade: Import Data
Sales text
Purchase order: text
MRP 1 - 4
Forecasting
Storage 1 - 2
Warehouse Management 1 - 2
Quality Management
Accounting 1 - 2
Costing 1 - 2

69

Sales & Distribution


- Customer Master -

70

Account Groups
Account group determines which fields are

to be used in defining customer master


data

71

Field Status
Field status controls the use of each field
within the customer master determining
whether a field is required, optional,
suppressed or display only
Field status controls are also relevant to a
specific activity create, change, or display

72

Customer Master
G e n e ra l
D a ta
S a le s & D is tr ib u tio n
D a ta

Com pany Code


D a ta

73

Customer Master
Centralized data for both SD & FI
Segmented into three sections
General data - address & communication
Company code data (FI) - banking and
payment information related to FI
Sales data (SD) - pricing, delivery, output
The sales data is specific to one sales area

and is therefore dependent on the sales


organization

74

Customer Master by Sales


Area
Customer
Sales Organization
Distribution Channel
Division

75

General Data Address


Customer Name
Search Term
Street address, City,
Postal code, Country
Language

General Data Communication


Telephone, Fax, Data numbers

76

General data Control


data
Account control :

Vendor, Authorization
Trading partner, Group key

Tax information :

Tax codes, Fiscal address


Country code, City code
VAT N, Tax jurisdiction code
Equalization tax, Sole proprietor
Tax on sls/pur.

Reference data
/ area :
Industry:

International Locator No.


Transport Zone
Express station
Train station
Location code

77

General Data Marketing

Classification : Nielsen ID
Customer classification
Industry
Industry codes
Operating figures :
Annual sales
Number of employees
Fiscal year variant
Sales prospecting : Legal status
78

General Data
Payment Transactions

Bank details

Country
Bank Key
Account holder
Bank Account
Control Key
Collection

79

General Data
Unloading points

Unloading point
Customer factory calendar
Default Unloading Point
Goods receiving hours

80

General Data
Foreign trade

Country key for export control of


customerTable of Denial Orders list
(TDO)
Special Designated Nationals list
(SDN)
Diversion High Risk Profile list
(DHRP)
Usage and Classification
81

General Data
Contact persons

Name
Telephone number
Department
First name
Form of address (e.g. Mr., Ms.)
Function
82

Company Code Data


Accounting Information

Accounting info
Reconciliation
Account
Sort key
Head office
Interest calculation Interest indicator
Interest calculation
frequency
Last key date
Reference data

Buying group

83

Company Code Data


Payment Transactions

Payment data: Payment terms


Tolerance group
Automatic
Payment
Transactions:
Payment methods
Alternative payer
Lockbox

84

Company Code Data


Correspondence

Dunning data :

Dunning procedure
Dunning recipient

Correspondence :

Account number
at customer
Customer user

Payment
notices to :

Customer
Sales
Accounting
Legal
85

Company Code Data


Insurance

Export credit
insurance : Policy number
Institution number
Amount insured
Valid until
Lead months
Deductible

86

Sales Data Sales area

Sales order :
Sales district
Sales office
Sales group
Order probability
Item proposal
Account at customer
Pricing /
Statistics: Price group
Customer pricing procedure
Price list type
Customer statistical group
87

S & D Data Shipping

Shipping :

Delivery priority
Shipping conditions
Delivering plant
Order combination
Batch split allowed

Partial Delivery:
Complete delivery
Partial delivery of item
Maximum part deliveries

88

S&D Data Billing

Billing section :
Manual invoice maint.
Rebate
Pricing
Billing schedule
Invoice list schedule
Delivery and
payment terms :
Incoterms
Payment terms
Accounting : Account assignment group
Taxes:

Tax requirements for the customer


89

S&D Data
Partner functions

The different partners are assigned

SP
BP
PY
SH

Sold-to-party
Bill-to-party
Payer
Ship-to-party
additional Partner function(s)

90

Assigning Additional
Partners
Siesta Baseball League - Vera Cruz, NM
Sold-to : 10018
Sold-to
Bill-to : 10018
Payer : 10018 Bill-to
Payer
Ship-to
Ship-to : 10018
Siesta Baseball League - Vera Cruz, NM
Sold-to : 10018
Sold-to
Bill-to : 10018
Payer : 10018
Payer
Ship-to
Ship-to : 10018 Bill-to
Ship-to : 10249 - Bakersfield, CA

Ship-to
91

Sales & Distribution


- Business Partners -

92

Business Partners
Defines all of the parties involved in a

business transaction and differentiates


between their roles customer, carrier,
employees, customer contact, etc.
Through customizing the system
automatically assigns partners to the
customer master and to transactions

Sold-to

Ship-to

Bill-to

Payer
93

Business Partners
The system creates these four business

partners by default. All four are


required.
All four may be the same or may be

different.
Since these are automatically assigned

partners you may need to add additional


partners to carry out your business
Sold-to
Ship-to
Bill-to
Payer
transactions.
94

Business partners
Sold-to
Customer that
orders the goods
Can perform all
primary partner
functions soldto, ship-to, payer,
bill-to
Primary type of
business partner
Cannot be linked
to other sold-to
partners

Sold-to
Ship-to
Bill-to
Payer

95

Business partners
Ship-to
Party that receives
the goods
Can be created as
an independent
partner and linked
to one or more
sold-to partners

Sold-to
Ship-to
Bill-to
Payer

96

Business partners Billto


Party that receives
the invoice
Can be created as
an independent
partner and linked
to one or more
sold-to partners

Sold-to
Ship-to
Bill-to
Payer

97

Business partners
Payer
Party that sends
the payment
Can be created as
an independent
partner and linked
to one or more
sold-to partners

Sold-to
Ship-to
Bill-to
Payer

98

Sold-to

Sold-to

Ship-to

Bill-to

Ship-to

Ship-to

Payer

Ship-to

Ship-to

Ship-to
99

100

TERMINOLOGY
Partner determination procedure
Partner functions
Account Group
Partner type
Error group
Sequence

101

Set up Partner
For Customer Master
Determination

For Sales Document Header


For Sales Document Item
For Delivery
For Shipment
For Billing Header
For Billing Item
For Sales Activities (CAS)

102

Business relationships

103

Partner types

104

Customer Material Info. Record


Item Proposal
Listing & Exclusion
Product Substitution

105

Customer/Material Info.
Record
Defines a customer alias for a material &
description, for example:

Material # : Glove
Customer # :
Pastime Glove
Can further define attributes of the

material, shipping and partial delivery


information specific to the product and
customer
Referenced in the sales order using the
Ordering Party overview

106

Item Proposal
Used to define frequently ordered

combinations or special assortments of


products and quantities
Either products or products with quantities
can be selected during order entry
An item proposal can be defined for a
customer via the customer master record

107

Material Listing & Exclusion


Used to control what products are available

for a customer or group


Material Listing defines products that can
be sold to a customer
Material Exclusion defines products that
cannot be sold to a customer

108

Product Substitution
Material Determination
Enables automatic or manual substitution of

materials during sales order processing


Examples:
substitute a standard product with a

promotional material
substitute based on a customer preference
substitute based on selection list (manual)

109

SALES CYCLE
INQUIRY

CONTRACTS

SCHEDULIN
G

QUOTATION

AGREEMNET
S

ORDER
DELIVERY

PGI

BILLLING
REL TO ACCOUNTS

INVENTORY

110

111

SALES ORDER PROCESS

Sales Activity

Sales

Inquiry

Quotation
Delivery Free
Of
Charge

Shipping

Billing

Sales Order

Returns

Delivery

Credit
Memo

Invoice

FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING

Debit
Memo

M AT E R I ALS M AN AG E M E N T

S ALE S I N F O R M AT I O N S YS T E M

Sales Support

112

ORDER TO CASH PROCESS


INQUIRY

SD O 2C
MRP

NO

QUOTATION

AVAILABILITY
CHECK

ORDER

YES

SCHEDULE LINE

DELIVERY

INVOICE FOR
MANU. GOODS

INVOICE FOR
FINISHED GOODS
113

SALES DOCUMENTS

Inquiry

Quotation
Sales Order
Delivery Free of Charge (Sample Goods)
Returns (Customer Complaints / Damages)

114

REFERENCE
DOCUMENTS

115

INQUIRY & QUOTATION

A customer or prospect may submit an inquiry to

ascertain whether you stock a certain product, what


that product costs, and whether it is available by a
certain deadline. The inquiry represents a request for
a sales quotation from the customer.
A quotation is a legally binding offer to the customer

to deliver materials or perform services on the basis of


fixed conditions.

116

SALES ORDER

A customer request to the company for the delivery

of goods or services at a certain time

A sales order consists of one or several items

containing the quantity of the material or service


specified for the order.

The total quantity can be subdivided into schedule

lines, which contain different partial quantities and


the relevant delivery dates.
117

SALES ORDER

Item
availability
Sales orders
follows check
isthe
done
andorder
purchase
shipping
point
from the
Is determined
customer
for
delivery scheduling

118

RETURNS
Complaints and returns functions are used when

customers want to return goods that are damaged or


goods that were sent on a trial basis. You can also use
complaints functionality if the wrong goods were
delivered or if the delivery quantities and prices were
incorrect.

Sales documents for processing complaints are Free of

charge delivery, Returns & Credit and debit memo


requests

119

RETURNS DOCUMENT

120

CREDIT / DEBIT MEMO

121

INVOICE CORRECTION REQUEST

122

Sales & Distribution


- Transactions -

123

Returns

Inquiry
Quotation
Sales Order

Contract
Consignment

Cash Sale
Returnable
Packaging

Rush Order
Debit Memo

Scheduling
Agreement

Credit Memo

124

ITEM CATEGEORY
FUNCTIONS

125

126

127

ITEM CATEGEORY GROUP

128

129

ITEM CATEGEORIES

130

131

132

133

ITEM CATEGEORY
DETERMINATION IN SALES
ORDER

134

Copy control

135

Pricing
World-class functionality
Highly customizable & extendible
One of the most complex features of SAP
Used to determine the net price for a material

or an order

136

Pricing Work Flow


Pricing Procedure Determination

Condition Records

Pricing Procedure
List Of Condition
types arranged in a
logical sequence

Access sequence
Condition
tables
Fields
137

Pricing Components
Pricing is based on a matrix of predefined and

custom elements
Delivered element groups (a.k.a. conditions)
Prices
Discounts & Surcharges
Freight
Taxes

138

Pricing Procedure
In short, the mechanism used to arrive at the
final price
Considers all of the applicable pricing
conditions, e.g. material price, customer
discount
Is assigned by: sales area, sold-to party and
sales document type (e.g. sales order)
139

Pricing Procedure
The pricing procedure uses what SAP calls the
condition technique.
The pricing condition technique starts with the:

Pricing Procedure which looks at


Conditions which use
Access Sequences which accesses
Condition tables which point to
A price, discount or other condition ($)

140

R/3 Pricing Process


SALES DOC.
ITEM

DETERMINE PRICING
PROCEDURE
FOR ITEM

DETERMINE ACCESS
SEQUENCE FOR EVERY
CONDITION TYPE IN
PRICING PROCEDURE

ACCESS THE CONDITION


RECORDS AND
DETERMINE PRICE

PRICE THE
ITEM

SALES AREA &


DOCUMENT TYPE &
SOLD-TO

CONDITION TYPE AND


ACCESS SEQUENCE
ARE LINKED IN
TABLE

CUSTOMER/MATL OR
PRICE LIST/MATL OR
MATERIAL

--$9.25
N/A

UNIFORM

SALES DOC. SOLD PRICING


AREA TYPE TO PROCEDURE
US01

USSTD

US01

USALT

UK01

UKSTD

UK02

UKSTD

KEY

ACCESS
SEQUENCE

PR00
KI00
TX00
FR00

PR00
KI00
TX00
FR00

PRICING CONDITION
CONDITION
PROCEDURE
TYPE
USSTD

PRICE ELEMENT
CONTROL PARAMETERS
UPPER/LOWER LIMITS

CONDITION
TYPE

USALT

STOPS LOOKING AFTER


FINDING FIRST VALUE

LOOK FOR CONDITION


ACCESS
OR
RECORDS IN THIS ORDER
SEQUENCE DER
OF CONDITION TABLES
PR00

01

CUSTOMER/MATERIAL

02

PRICE LIST TYPE/MATL

03

MATERIAL

01

CUSTOMER/MATERIAL

PR00

PRICE

KI00

DISCOUNT

TX00

TAXES

02

PRICE LIST TYPE/MATL

FR00

FREIGHT

03

MATERIAL

PR00

PRICE

KI01

DISCOUNT

KI00

ETC.

ETC.
141

Configuration of Pricing

142

Menu path : IMG


>SALES & DISTRIBUTION
>BASIC FUNCTIONS
>PRICING

143

Double Click to View field


catalogue

144

FIELD CATALOGUE
PRICING SD

145

718

Condition table: contains combination of key


fields that form the basis for condition records

CREATION OF CONDITION TABLE


1-500 SYSTEM DEFINED
501-999 USER DEFINED
146

718

147

148

149

Access sequence: It is sequential


placing of condition tables in a logical
order to obtain condition record.

150

151

152

153

154

155

156

157

158

159

160

161

162

163

164

TRANSACTION CODE:

V/03

165

166

TRANSACTION CODE:

V/08

167

168

169

170

TRANSACTION CODE:

V/08

171

Customer pricing procedure:


This can be used to differentiate the
pricing procedure customer wise.
This is linked with Customer master
record.
172

Document pricing procedure:


This can be used to differentiate the
pricing procedure based on Sales
document.
This is linked with DPP in Document
maintenance.
173

174

175

176

177

Pricing Procedure Determination

178

T. CODE:

OVKK

179

180

Maintain Condition records

181

T. CODE:

VK11

Key combination: This is for fixing the


values in records.
This dependent on the no.of tables in the
access sequence.
182

183

184

Now..
Verify the effect
In Sales Order
185

T. CODE:

VA01

DC to goto Conditions tab


page

186

187

Price Agreements
Simple price

Detailed price

agreements

agreements

product

pricing scales

customer

rebates

customer & material

customer expected

customer group &

price

material

188

Order Processing Functionality


Delivery scheduling
Availability check
Transfer of requirements to MRP
Pricing
Credit check
Shipping point & route determination
Foreign trade & license processing
Document flow
189

Delivery Scheduling
Automatic scheduling of essential shipping

activities ...
Calculated using defined activity times ...
Resulting in scheduled activity dates

Determined using backward and forward

scheduling rules

190

Delivery Scheduling
Structure of sales documents

Header
Line item # 1
Schedule line # 1
Schedule line # 2
Line Item # 2
Schedule line # 1
191

Delivery Scheduling
Terminology
Transportation lead time time required to

schedule transportation
Pick/Pack time time required for picking
and packing
Load time time required to load
Transit time time required to transport
goods from shipping point to ship-to

192

25
Order
Date
25th

Material
Availability
26th

Transp.
Sched.

Loading

27th

28th

Transp.
Sched.
Time

Requested
Delv. Date

Goods
Issue
29th

Loading
Time
(1 day)

31st

Transit
Time
(2 days)

(1 day)

Pick & Pack


Time
(2 days)

193

27
Material
Availability
26th

Order
Date
27th

Transp.
Sched.
27th

Goods
Issue
29th

Loading
28th

Transp.
Sched.
Time

Requested
Delv. Date
31st

Loading
Time

Transit
Time

(1 day)

(2 days)

(1 day)

New
Delv. Date

Pick & Pack


Time
(2 days)

194

Availability Check
Determines the material availability date
Considers inward and outward movement

of inventory customizable
Influences partial deliveries by
proposing a quantity that can be delivered on

the requested date (complete delivery)


determines the earliest date for full delivery
determines the number and dates for partial
deliveries to fulfill the order
195

Availability Check
In determining the material availability date

the system can include specific stocks if


selected, such as:
Safety stock
Stock in transfer
Quality inspection stock
Blocked stock
Restricted use stock

196

Transfer of Requirements
to MRP
Ordered quantities are passed to MRP (MM)
Controlled by the schedule line category
Blocking of documents can affect

requirements passing delivery block

197

Credit Check
Efficient means to implement credit

management
Integrated with FI via credit control area
Automatically alerts when a credit check fails
Comprehensive credit management reporting

198

Shipping Point & Route


Determination
A shipping point is determined for each

line item shipping point determination


A delivery can only be processed from
one shipping point
Routes - route to be traveled & transit
time are determined using customized
rules
Routes can be used to simply define
transit time

199

Foreign Trade & License Processing


Predefined trade areas NAFTA, EU
Automated reporting for trade areas
Automated controls
license management
embargo lists
control by customer, country, product, point in
time

200

201

Shipping Overview
Comprehensive functionality to support

picking, packing and loading functions


Work list and deadline monitoring
Functions with backorder processing
Tightly coupled to the MM and FI modules
Facility for transportation management

202

Shipping Overview
Order
Order
Order
Delivery
Order
Combination

Order

Order

Delivery
Delivery

Delivery

Delivery
Partial
Delivery

Complete
Delivery
203

Shipping Overview
Delivery creation activities
checks order and materials to determine if a
delivery is possible delivery block,
incompleteness
confirms availability
confirms export/foreign trade requirements
determines total weight & volume

204

Shipping Overview
Delivery creation activities
generates packing proposal
considers partial deliveries
updates route assignment
assigns picking location
determines batches
updates sales order status, delivery qty

205

Deliveries & Delivery


Notes
The Delivery Note

Initiates the delivery process


Control mechanism for the process
Changes to delivery are allowable - products, quantities

Picking
Delivery
Note

Packing
Status

Loading
Post Goods
Issue

206

Delivery Due List


Produces a work-list of deliveries
Encompasses deliveries and transfers
Can be scheduled to run in batch
Automatically combines deliveries

207

Picking
Quantities based on delivery
Assigned date when picking should begin
Automated storage location assignment
Supports serial number tracking and batch

management
Integrated with Warehouse Management
(WM)

208

Packing
Identifies which packaging is to be used for

specified products
Identifies and updates accounts associated
with returnable packaging
Tracks the packed product by container
Insures weight/volume restrictions are
enforced

209

Goods Issue
Event that indicates the change in

ownership of the products


Reduces inventory
Automatically updates the G/L accounts
Ends the shipping process and prevents
changes to the shipping documents

210

Goods Issue
General
ledger

Inventory
750

Cost of goods sold


750

211

Billing Overview
Automated invoicing based on sales orders

and/or deliveries
Functionality for processing credit/debit
memos and rebates
Integration with FI & CO-PA
Updates customers credit data
Can create pro forma invoices

212

Automatic Account
Assignment
Defines the G/L accounts that billing
entries are posted to revenue,
deduction, freight charges
Applic Condi Chart Sal
ation tion
of
es
Type Acco Org
KOF
CHR SOx
V
unts
.x
I

Cu Acco
G/L
st
unt Accoun
Ac
Key
t
01
ER
61000
ct.
L
T
0
Grp
From From From From From FromFrom
. Pricing
Sales Table Sales Sales
Customer
Table
Doc.
Doc. Doc.Master Proc
213

Revenue Account Determination


A process to establish the revenue accounts to which prices,
discounts, and surcharges are posted.
Usage:
You will need to determine the accounts to be posted in

several different areas


G/L accounts for posting sales revenue, sales deductions,
and VAT are to be determined automatically when data is
transferred from the billing document to FI
When processing cash sales, a G/L account must be set in
the document for cash settlement
When using payment cards, you also need to post to
differing G/L accounts.
214

Revenue Account Determination

215

Revenue Account Determination

Account determination is carried out using the condition

technique.
Depending upon the billing type, an account determination
procedure is assigned for G/L accounts.
This determination procedure contains one or more condition
types to which an access sequence is assigned.
This access sequence is composed of individual accesses in the
form of condition tables.
The condition tables contain the fields and/or field combinations
upon which sales revenue determination depends.
The key fields are filled with document data, so that the system
can search for a corresponding G/L account for the relevant
combination.
If an access determines a G/L account, then it is set in the
accounting document and the search is terminated.

216

Revenue Account Determination

Pre requisites to perform Revenue Account Determination


Check Customer Master data Relevant for Account Assignment
Check Material Master data Relevant for Account Assignment

Step to perform Revenue Account Determination


Create condition table with key combinations
Create Access sequence with key combinations
Create condition type
Define Account Determination Procedure
Assign Account Determination Procedure to billing document type
Define Account keys
Assign Account keys to Pricing Procedure
Assign G/L Accounts

217

Revenue Account Determination


Pre requisites to perform Revenue Account
Determination
Step 1: Check Master data Relevant for Account Assignment
Menu Path: IMG Sales and Distribution Basic Functions Account
Assignment/Costing Revenue Account Determination check Master
data Relevant for Account Assignment - Select Material: Account
Assignment Groups
In this grouping the material like trading goods, service item, finished
products etc.., will be done. After this the group has to be assign in
material master data sales/sales organization data 2 tab.

218

Revenue Account Determination


Step 2: Check Master data Relevant for Account Assignment
Menu Path: IMG Sales and Distribution Basic Functions Account
Assignment/Costing Revenue Account Determination check
Master data Relevant for Account Assignment - Select Customer:
Account Assignment Groups
In this grouping the customers like Domestic revenues, Foreign
revenues, etc.., will be done. After this the group has to be assign in
customer master data sales area data billing tab..

219

Revenue Account Determination


Step to perform Revenue Account Determination
Step 1: In this step we have to create condition table with key combinations.
Menu Path: IMG Sales and Distribution Basic Functions Account
Assignment/Costing Revenue Account Determination Define
dependencies of revenue account determination
T-Code: V/12
Ex: 1. Customer group / Material group / Account key
2. Customer group/ Account key

220

Revenue Account Determination

Step 2: In this step we have to create Access sequence with key


combinations.
Menu Path: IMG Sales and Distribution Basic Functions Account
Assignment/Costing Revenue Account Determination Define
Access sequence and Account determination type

221

Revenue Account Determination


Step 3: In this step we have to create condition type
Menu Path: IMG Sales and Distribution Basic Functions Account
Assignment/Costing Revenue Account Determination Define
Account determination type
There are two condition types available.
1. KOFI Account determination with out controlling
2. KOFK Account determination with controlling
Here an Account determination type will be assigned to an Access
sequence

222

Revenue Account Determination


Step 4: Define Account Determination Procedure type
Menu Path: IMG Sales and Distribution Basic Functions Account
Assignment/Costing Revenue Account Determination Define and
assign Account Determination Procedure
Define Account Determination Procedure

223

Revenue Account Determination


Step 5: Assign Account Determination Procedure to billing document
type
Menu Path: IMG Sales and Distribution Basic Functions Account
Assignment/Costing Revenue Account Determination Define and
assign Account Determination Procedure
Assign Account Determination Procedure to billing document type

224

Revenue Account Determination


Step 6: Define and Assign Account keys
Menu Path: IMG Sales and Distribution Basic Functions Account
Assignment/Costing Revenue Account Determination Define and
assign Account Keys
Define Account keys

225

Revenue Account Determination


Step 7: Define and Assign Account keys
Menu Path: IMG Sales and Distribution Basic Functions Account
Assignment/Costing Revenue Account Determination Define and
assign Account Keys
Assign Account keys to Pricing Procedure

226

Revenue Account Determination


Step 8: Assign G/L Accounts
Menu Path: IMG Sales and Distribution Basic Functions Account
Assignment/Costing Revenue Account Determination Assign G/L
Accounts
Revenue Account Determination

227

Separate invoice
per delivery

Collective
Invoice

Order

Order
Order

Invoice
Split

Order

Delivery

Invoice

Delivery

Invoice

Delivery
Delivery

Invoice

Delivery
Delivery

Invoice
Invoice
228

Billing Documents
Explicitly specify documents
Billing due list builds a worklist of invoices

that should be generated

Automatic posting to FI

229

Billing Documents
General
ledger

Revenue
2000

Customer
2000

A/R recon.
2000

230

Billing Plans
Periodic total amount for a planned

billing period
Milestone distributing the total amount
over multiple billing dates - typically used
with the project system (PS)
Installment evenly proportioned
amounts and defined payment dates
Resource related consumed resources
such as service or consulting
231

Sales
Order

Billing
Plan

Sold-to: QAZ Industries


Delivery Date :
06/20/97
Material : 546-dk1 Generator Price
: $300,000
Billing
Description
%
Value Billing Milestone
Billing
date
11/20/96
01/20/97
04/20/97
05/20/97
06/20/97

Contract
Assembly
Operational
Acceptance
Final invoice

10
40
40
10
--

block
30,000
120,000
120,000
x
30,000
x
-x

x
x
x
x

status
x
x

232

Contracts
Schedule Agreements

233

Contracts
Defined quantities and validity period for a

customer
The contract is fulfilled by orders placed
against the contract - release orders
Contracts are automatically updated through
release order processing
Pricing can be assigned to a contract

234

Contract
Target Qty: 900
Order Qty: 700

Release Order
Order Qty: 200

..
.
Contract
Target Qty: 900
Order Qty: 750

Release Order
Order Qty: 150
235

Scheduling Agreements
Defines specific product quantities and

delivery dates for a customer


Schedule lines and processed through
standard delivery processing
Availability check is performed during
creation and quantities are passed to MRP
System automatically updates delivered
quantities
236

Scheduling
Agreement
Date
05/15
06/15
07/15
08/15

Qty
100
100
200
300

Delivery
5/10 100
Delivery
6/10 100
Delivery
7/10 200
Delivery
8/10 300
237

Backorder Processing
Rescheduling

238

Backorders
Backorder processing
determines which orders have unconfirmed
quantities by customer or material
sort the orders according to priority
assign available stock to outstanding orders or
reassign confirmed quantities to high-profile
orders

239

Backorders
Rescheduling
updates the orders with the results of the

availability check
can be used to manage the distribution of
available inventory when demand is greater
than supply

Best if run in batch mode, rescheduling can

be very time consuming

240

Return
Order
Goods Receipt
Quality Inspection
Credit Memo

241

Order

Return

Delivery

Invoice

Returns
Delivery

Return to
Inventory

Credit
Memo

242

Customer Returns
Returns document
Billing block can be proposed
Use the Order reason field to identify the reason
for the return
Full access to pricing and ability to re-price
Return delivery
Issues a goods receipt to place material into

inventory

243

Customer Returns
Credit memo
Billing block must be cleared from Return
Posts to FI
Can be processed in batch (background)
Can be processed collectively (grouped)

244

245

Bar Coded
Documents

Printed
Documents

SAP
Document

Email

FAX
EDI

Workflow

246

Communication Output
Output traditional forms or electronic

communications produced for internal or


external partners
Assigned to business partners & sales
documents
Definable media EDI, fax, print
Highly customizable Sapscript

247

Communication Text
Texts are used for internal and external

communication
Created for business partners, materials, header or
item level of sales documents order, delivery,
billing, picking lists
Pricing Process
Standard pricing calculates the gross price, then

applies discounts, surcharges and applicable taxes to


arrive at the final price
final price = gross price - discounts + surcharges + taxes

Cost-plus pricing determines the base cost and applies

the appropriate discounts, surcharges and taxes


final price = cost - discounts + surcharges + taxes

248

CREDIT MANAGEMENT

AN OVERVIEW

249

CREDIT MANAGEMENT
OBJECTIVE
Types of Credit Check
Customizing Credit checks
Releasing of Blocked Documents
Integration with FI
Summary

250

Objective
Credit management enables you to monitor, evaluate
and control credit situations and credit allocations.
By carrying out credit checks according to different
criteria and at different levels
By Automatic notification to the responsible
employees
By Allocation of different authorizations to credit
representatives according to certain criteria

251

Customer Credit Management


Over View
General Data
Address
Central data
Credit Control Area Data
Status
Payment Issue
252

Simple Credit check


Automatic Credit check
Static credit check
Dynamic credit check

253

The Simple Credit check compares the Payer CMRs Credit limit to
the total of the net Document Value and value of all open items

254

Features in CCMR
Credit Limit : Defines the credit limit amount in the currency of
the credit control area.
Risk Category : Enables the credit manager to classify customers
according to commercial risk. Along with the document type, the
risk category helps to determine which kind of credit check the
system should carry out automatically.
Credit Representative Group: Defines a group of credit personnel,
consists of credit manager and a number of representatives - who
are responsible for processing credit holds.
255

TOTAL LIMIT: It is the credit limit which a customer can


Avail in all credit control areas he is assigned to.
INDIVIDUAL LIMIT:it is the maximum credit limit allowed
for a customer in a credit control area

256

COMPANY CODE

CUSTOMER

CCA

RISK CATEGORY

Sales Area

TRANSACTION
TYPE
CREDIT
GROUP

CREDIT CHECK
257

CREDIT GROUPS
01 ORDER
02 DELIVERY
03 GOODS ISSUE

Sales Doc. Types


OR D 01

DELIVERY GI
02
03

Credit Check Activation at Item Category Level


258

259

Dynamic Credit Check Executed

260

Status of Blocked Delivery Documents


261

Processing an Accounting Transaction


Using Credit Management
Credit Management

Sales and Distribution

Enter customer
credit data

Financial Accounting

Customer TRIL Co.


( Medium Risk )
Credit Limit 5,00,000

Enter customer
Order
Order 2046
TRIL Co
4,000

Mail Box
Blocked Sales Orders
TRIL Co
5,000
SWAL Co
6,000
Mail Box
Credit Information System
Contact Customer
Release Order

Credit Limit Exceeded


Mail to Credit Repre
Order Blocked
Shipping , Billing
Incoming Payment
262

Releasing Blocked Documents

Sales Documents
Delivery Documents
Sales & Delivery Documents

263

RISK MINIMIZING TOOLS

Documentary payment (for example, letters of credit).


Payment cards
Export credit insurance (external link)

264

Integration With FI
Define Risk Categories
Define Groups for each Credit Control Area
Define Credit Representative Groups
Define Credit Representatives

265

SALES &
DISTRIBUTION
CONSIGNMENT
PROCESS

266

CONSIGNMENT PROCESS
CONSIGNMEN
T FILL-UP

CONSIGNMEN
T PICK-UP

CONSIGNMEN
T ISSUE

CONSIGNMEN
T RETURN
267

CONSIGNMENT PROCESS
In consignment processing, goods are delivered

to the customer but remain the property of the


company until they are actually used.
An invoice is not created until the customer
withdraws the goods from the consignment stock.
The customer has the right to return consignment
goods up until that point.
You can use the special stock partner function if
the consignment stocks are managed at a central
point rather than by the sold-to party.
268

You process consignment fill-up with order type KB. The goods issue sets
up a special stock at the customer's. However, the goods remain in the
valuated stocks of the delivering plant. This transaction isn't billed
because the consignment stock remains the property of your company.
269

T CODE:
VOV8

270

Configuration Item Category


T CODE:
VOV7

271

Consignment issue is processed with order type KE. When goods are issued,
both the customer special stock and the stock in the delivering plant are
reduced.
This transaction is relevant for billing.
272

T CODE:
VOV8

273

274

T CODE:
VOV7

275

If you want to reverse a consignment issue, you can process


this with document type KR (consignment return). The goods
issue sets up the special stock at the customer's again.
A credit memo is generated based on the consignment returns.

276

T CODE:
VOV8

277

278

T CODE:
VOV7

279

If the customer returns the goods, you can represent this with
order type KA (consignment pick-up).
This transaction credits the special customer stock during the
goods issue. Like the consignment fill-up, this transaction is
not relevant for billing.
280

T CODE:
VOV8

281

282

T CODE:
VOV7

283

THIRD PARTY PROCESS


COMPANY

CUSTOMER

VENDOR

284

THIRD PARTY PROCESS


THIRD PARTY PROCESS
(VENDOR DELIVERS PRODUCT TO CUSTOMER on Customer

Requirement)

INDIVIDUAL PURCHASE ORDER NO VENDOR DELIVERY TO CUSTOMER

Item categories

OR+BANS-------------TAS ( THIRD PARTY)

OR+BANC--------------TAB (IPO)

REQUIREMNETS:
1 VENDOR
2.MATERIAL MASTER SALES ORG 2 ITEM CAT GRP(RT SIDE)- BANS OR
BANC
3. MAINTAIN PURCHASING TAB PAGE IN MATERIAL MASTER

285

An over view

286

Rebates
A rebate is a special discount which is paid

retroactively to a customer.
This discount is based on the customer's

sales volume over a specified time period.

287

Why Rebates ?
Rebates are frequently offered to
customers to promote
sales and build customer loyalty.

288

Contains
Processing rebates
Creating rebate agreements
Settling rebates
Rebate agreement types

289

290

Creating Rebate Agreements


The rebate agreement is created with

reference to a rebate agreement type.


Condition records are linked to the rebate
agreement specifying the rebate rate and
the accrual rate.
With the rebate agreement, you can specify:
1. The condition types used with this rebate
agreement type
2. validity period proposal

291

292

293

Rebate Processing

Rebate processing begins

by creating a rebaterelevant billing document.


The valid rebates are

determined by the pricing


procedure using the
rebate basis subtotal.
Each rebate condition

type has an assigned


access sequence.
The system uses the

access sequence to
search for the valid rebate
condition records. If valid
condition records are
found, the accrual rate is
read.
294

295

296

Rebate Agreement Types

297

Summary
Rebates are frequently offered to customers to

promote sales
In order to use the rebate functionality of the
system, Check whether rebate processing is
active for customer, billing type F2, and sales
organization.
Create a rebate agreement for rebate recipient.
Make an order---dly---billing---a/c to release.
Once accruals piled in accounts go for
settlements.
298

Logistics Information
System
Inventory Management
Purchasing
Sales and Distribution
Production
Plant Maintenance
Quality Management

299

SIS

Overview

Flexible information system designed to

support business planning, forecasting and


reporting
Pre-defined catalog of performance measures
and reports
On-demand access to reports and exceptions
Data maintained in a separate database

300

Inventory Information System


Standard Analysis
Material
Plant
Storage Location
MRP Controller
Material Groupings

301

Purchasing Information
System Standard Analysis
Material
Vendor
Material Group
Purchasing Group
Purchasing Documents

302

Sales Information System


Standard Analysis
5 Pre-defined drill-down reports
Customer
Material
Sales Organization
Shipping Point
SD Documents

303

Production Information
System Standard Analysis
Product Group
Material
Work Center
Production Resources and Tools

304

Reporting Tools
Value display - absolute or percentage
Top N - top 10, top 100, etc.
Sorted - ascending or descending
ABC
Classification
Graphics - 2D, 3D

305

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