Chapter 1 Lecture

Health: The Basics

Tenth Edition

Accessing Your
Health

OBJECTIVES
Describe the immediate and long-term rewards
of healthy behaviors and the effects that your
health choices may have on others.
Discuss what Healthy People 2020 is and the
determinants of health that this document aims
to influence.
Compare and contrast the medical model of
health and the public health model, and discuss
the six dimensions of health and wellness.
Identify several personal factors that influence
your health and classify them as modifiable or
nonmodifiable.
2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

OBJECTIVES (cont.)
Explain how aspects of the social and physical
environment influence your health.
Discuss the importance of global perspective on
health, and explain how gender, racial, economic,
and cultural factors influence health disparities.
Compare and contrast the health belief model,
the social cognitive model, and the
transtheoretical model of behavior change.
Identify your own current risk behaviors, the
factors that influence those behaviors, and the
strategies you can use to change them.
2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Why Health, Why Now?

Choose health now for immediate
benefits.
Choose health now for long-term benefits.
Personal choices influence life
expectancy.
Personal choices influence healthy life
expectancy.
Choose health now to benefit others.

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Top Ten Reported Impediments to

Academic Performance

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Personal Choices Influence Life Expectancy

Life expectancy has almost doubled over
the last 100 years, moving from about 47
years in the early 1900s to over 78 years
for a child born in 2010.
In 1900, 40%+ of all deaths were children
under age 5.
Infectious disease was a leading cause of
these deaths.

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Choose Health Now to Benefit Others

Personal health choices contribute to the
burden of disease.
Direct medical cost from obesity reached
$147 billion in 2008. About half of this cost
was paid by Medicaid and Medicare.
Indirect costs include reduced tax
revenues, premature death, increased
disability payments, and increased health
insurance costs.
2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

ABC News Video: A Different Approach to

Health Care
Discussion Questions
In what ways do you think Safeway's use of
prevention as a way to save on health care is a
successful or unsuccessful model for health care?
What are the four things 25,000 Safeway employees
have volunteered to measure in order to participate in
their company's health care plan? What happens when
they score well on these tests and improve their test
scores over time? How do you think these incentives
encourage overall health?
Do you think Safeway's health incentives program should
be a model for the rest of the country? Why or why not?
2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

What Is Health?
Is health just the absence of disease?
Is health being in good physical shape
and able to resist illness?
The medical model views health status on
both the individual and a biological or
diseased organ perspective.
The public health model views health as a
result of the individual's interactions with
the social and physical environment.
2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Wellness and the Dimensions of Health

Physical health: body size and functioning
Social health: interpersonal network and
successful interaction with others
Intellectual health: ability to think clearly and
make responsible decisions
Emotional health: ability to express emotions
and maintain a level of self-confidence
Spiritual health: a sense of meaning and
purpose in one's life
Environmental health: appreciation of one's
external environment
2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Wellness Continuum

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Dimensions of Health

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

What Influences Your Health?

Determinants of health are those factors
that influence health.
The Surgeon General defined the term as
"the array of critical influences that
determine the health of individuals and
communities."
Healthy People is a plan to improve the
health-related quality of life and years of
life for all Americans.
2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Healthy People 2020 Goals

Attain high-quality, longer lives free of
preventable disease, disability, injury, and
premature death.
Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and
improve health in all groups.
Create social and physical environments that
promote good health for all.
Promote quality of life, healthy development,
and healthy behaviors across all life stages.

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Healthy People 2020 Determinants of Health

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

What Influences Your Health? (cont.)

Individual behavior: lack of physical
activity, poor nutrition, excessive alcohol
consumption, tobacco use
Biology and genetics: genetically
inherited traits, conditions, and disposition
to diseases
Social factors: social factors and physical
conditions in the environment

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

ABC News Video: Months to a Healthier

Lifestyle
Discussion Questions
What are the steps that Dr. Oz recommends you take in order to
improve your life expectancy in terms of food and exercise? What
are some of the ways in which you can incorporate these steps into
your daily life?
What are the six basic health numbers that Dr. Oz suggested that
everyone should know? What are some of the ways in which you
can obtain and track these numbers?
Why is practicing your balance important? Explain how balance
affects the brain.
Explain what you think Dr. Oz means by "putting it all together" at
the end of this video. What are some ways in which you can start to
organize your life in order to improve your overall health?
2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Four Leading Causes of Chronic Diseases

in the United States

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

What Influences Your Health? (cont.)

Economic factors: disadvantages include
lacking access to quality education; living
in poor housing; being unable to pay for
nourishing food, clothes, shoes; not being
able to afford utilities, medications, etc.
Having insecure employment, or being stuck
in a low-paying job with few benefits
Having few assets to fall back on

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

What Influences Your Health? (cont.)

The built environment improvements
proposed include sidewalks, bike lanes as
part of every federally funded road project
Availability of supermarkets selling fresh foods
instead of side-by-side fast-food outlets in
inner-city neighborhoods
Pollutants and infectious agents in the air we
breathe, our land, water, and food

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Built Environment

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

What Influences Your Health? (cont.)

Policymaking policies that ban
smoking, laws mandating seat belt use in
vehicles and helmets on bikes, policies
that require you to be vaccinated before
enrolling in classes, and laws that prohibit
drinking and driving and cell phone use
while driving

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

What Influences Your Health? (cont.)

Health services access to quality health
care, including counseling and mental
health services; access to information and
products such as eyeglasses
Health disparities defined as
preventable differences in the burden of
disease, injury, violence, or opportunities
to achieve optimal health

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Challenge of Health Disparities

Dramatic health disparities exist among people of certain
racial and ethnic backgrounds.
The number of people uninsured or underinsured is large
and growing.
Men and women experience major differences in rates of
disease and disability.
Economic status can influence health.
Gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender individuals may
lack social support and may be denied health benefits
due to unrecognized marital status.
Disabled individuals may lack services that would
enhance their life quality.
2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

How Can You Improve Your Health

Behaviors?
Change is not easy.
To successfully change a behavior, you
need to see change as a process that
requires preparation, has several steps or
stages, and takes time to succeed.

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Models of Behavior Change

Three different types
The health belief model
The social cognitive model
The transtheoretical model

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Health Belief Model

Developed by Rosenstock in 1966
Health behavior change is more likely if
There is a perceived seriousness of the health
problem
There is a perceived susceptibility to the
health problem
There are cues to action

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Social Cognitive Model

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Social Cognitive Model

Three factors interact in a reciprocal
fashion to promote behavior change
Social environment in which we live
Our inner thoughts and feelings
Our behaviors
We change our behavior in part by observing
models in our environment.

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Transtheoretical Model

Precontemplation stage
Contemplation stage
Preparation stage
Action stage
Maintenance stage
Termination stage

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Steps to Behavior Change

Step 1: Increase your awareness
Step 2: Contemplate change
- Identify a target behavior
- Learn more about the target behavior
- Assess your motivation and readiness to
change
- Develop self-efficacy and cultivate an
internal locus of control

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Steps to Behavior Change (cont.)

Step 3: Prepare for change
Set a realistic goal: a realistic goal is one that you
truly can achieve.

Anticipate barriers to change that may include

Overambitious goals
Self-defeating beliefs and attitudes
Failing to accurately assess your current state of
wellness
Lack of support and guidance
Emotions that sabotage your efforts and sap your will

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Steps to Behavior Change (cont.)

Use the SMART System
Unsuccessful goals are vague, open-ended;
successful goals are SMART.

Specific
Measurable
Action-oriented
Realistic
Time-oriented

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Steps to Behavior Change (cont.)

Enlist Others as Change Agents
The social-cognitive model recognizes the
importance of social contacts, including
watching others change successfully (modeling).

Family members
Friends
Professionals
A signed contract

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Steps to Behavior Change (cont.)

Step 4: Take action to change
Visualize the new behavior
Learn to counter by substituting a desired
behavior for an undesired behavior
Control the situation
Change your self-talk
Reward yourself
Journal

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Let's Get Started!

After acquiring the skills to support
successful behavior change, you're ready
to apply those skills to your target
behavior.
Place your behavior change contract
where you will see it every day.
Review the contract to help you stay alert
to potential problems, aware of
alternatives, and to maintain a firm sense
of values.
2013 Pearson Education, Inc.