Disintegration of the soviet union and

the Rise of Unipolar World

Group members
Ali Muhammad
Shoaib Ali Awan
Anam
Asma

Disintegration and fall of soviet union

Andropov and Cherenko in power after Leonid
Brezhnev(1982)
Agricultural sector failed to improve economic
stagnation
Command economy by party bureaucrats failed to
cope with shortages
Andropov in favor to remove corrupt bureaucrats to
modernize the soviet union
Chernenko
Leonid Brezhnev

Yuri Andropov

Gorbachev
A tractor mechanic (1985)
Man of decade
Superpower status could be retained at enormous cost
New ideological framework needed
His vision ; Glasnost(openness), Perestroika
(restructuring,reforming,and reviving a stagnant
economy) and democracy
Change oriented

Mikhail
Gorbachev

Soviet foreign policy

Had no desire to spread communism

Ready to talk on reduction of armaments and
destruction of nuclear armaments
1985 Superpower Summit
INF (Intermediate-range Nuclear Force) 1987
Role against Iraqi invasion of Kuwait
Ready to end soviet hegemony over eastern Europe
CMEA ( Council Of Mutual Economic Assistance)
ended, June 1991
Allowed European countries to go their own way

Gorbachevs failure
Difficult to transform market economy
Food shortages due to uneven pricing
People lost interest in perestroika
Opposition of Boris Yeltsin
Kazakhstan protest
Azerbaijanis and Armenians over NagornoKarabakh
1989 Uzbeks VS Meskhetian Turks
Independence of Lithuania, Estonia and Lativia on
6 sep 1991
Resigned on August 1991
Commonwealth of independent states formed,
Dec, 21 ,1991

C.I.S(Commonwealth Of Independent States )

Boris Yeltsin (1991-1999)

First elected president of Russian Federation
Dismantled communist system (encouraged by
US)
Market economy system

Political changes in Eastern Europe (1989-2001)

Poland
-Gomulka's rule came to end in 1970
-Poor economy
-Gierek visited US and Gerald reciprocated (1975)
-KOR(committee for defense of workers)formed in 1976
-Many students formed unions for human and civil rights
along
with that KSS(Committee of social defense) and
PPN(Polish
independence Compact). Few leaders worked
underground
-1981 General Jaruzelski proclaimed martial law
-How Church received legal status in Poland ?
-June elections 1989
-Natural disaster

Czechoslovakia
1968 revolt
Realistic socialism by Husak
Oil crisis of 1973
Why Husak had to resign in december,1987
End of communist regime- Velvet Revolution

Hungary map

Hungary
Due to what achievements Janos Kadar received
great respect ?
New Economic Mechanism
Limited Liberalization 1968
Decentralization in decision making
A more rational pricing system
Let market play its role
Rezso Nyres father of the reform of 1968
Failure of Kadar
1990 elections

The German Democratic Republic (East

Germany)
Founded in 1949
Satellite of soviet union and followed her
diktat(order)
Berlin wall erected in 1961
Identity and ideology to GDR- Walter Ulbricht
Four-power agreement on Berlin
Joined Warsaw treaty WTO,COMECON
Shoot at sight if observed going west Germany
Changes in Gorbachevs regime

East Germany .

Rom
ania

Romania
Central part of Europe
Founded in 1859
Romanian communist party(RCP)

Continue..

Socialist developing state

New Economic Mechanism
Ceausescus Dictatorship
1990 Election

Bulgaria

Continue..

Southeastern part of Europe

Founded in 681 Ad
Socialist Republic 1944
Zhivkov ruled
Free 1990 after 4 year of decades
Bulgaria admitted EU in 2007

Yugoslavia
Composed of six republics (Tito ruler)
Introduced decentralized communism
Liberal economic policies
Amendments in 1963 constitution
Treated dissidents with tolerance
Tito introduced workers self-management system
High inflation in 1978 and 1976
Five-year agreement with European common market
Tito maintained strict neutrality during Cold War
Warned soviet union and Bulgaria to stay away from
Yugoslavia's domestic matters
US to provide enough assistance in case of invasion by
soviet union

Continue..
Problems faced by Yugoslavia ;
Economy began to fall
Eight parties in the country enjoyed the power of veto
Serbia wanted Kosovo dominated by Albanians and
Albanians wanted Kosovo to become a republic
Autonomous provinces ;Slovenia and Croatia to
declare
independence in 1990
Bosnia-Herzgovnia
Execution of Bosnians by Serbs
Independence of Kosovo

Rise of unipolar world

Cold war
Lasted till 1989
Ussr wanted domination through spread of
ideology
Capitalist west (USA ) did not like this
Ussr spread communism all over Asia , Africa ,
Europe and Latin America
Ussr blamed capitalist countries for using
resources of their colonies for their own benefit
Western allies stopped giving military and
economic aid to poor countries of Asia Africa and
Latin America . Rendered economic aid to the war
torn countries through marshal plan

Continue..
Czechoslovakia,Poland,Hungary,Albania,Yugoslavia,Roma
nia and Bulgaria under influence of soviet union
America wanted free world and communism a threat to it
Military alliance of western countries
Turkey and Greece were protected from communism
Formation of east and west Germany (Berlin blockade
;June 24, 1948-May 12, 1949)
Formation of NATO(April 4, 1949) and Warsaw pact
Atom bomb experiment by USSR(sep 1949) and
president Truman to order the scientists (hydrogen bomb
1952)
President Truman to protect world war
The policy of containment or brinkmanship . SEATO
against USSR and china

 Stalin's death 1953

change of leadership khruschev
Anglo-french attack on Egypt for nationalizing Suez canal
company

USSR
USA
-ballistic missiles up to 10000km
-sputnik (October 1957)
missiles

same
-15000km
-Polaris

missiles
-1959,launched rocket to the moon
same

-competing at
level

Berlin should be a free city (khruschev 1958)

May 1960 U-2 incident

Bipolar world

 Cuban missile crises 1962

Cuba nationalized us companies
Allowed USSR to build bases on its soil*
US threatened USSR and USSR withdrew from Cuba to
prevent nuclear war on certain conditions that
1.Us should not deploy ballistic missiles in turkey to threaten
USSR
2.Us should guarantee not to invade Cuba
And USA agreed upon this
Cold war intensified with soviet invasion of Afghanistan in
1979 that compelled us to support afghan mujahedeen to
fight against soviet occupation and long afghan war ended in
1989 with withdrawal of soviet forces , same year witnessed
demolition of Berlin wall , which marked the end of cold war .
Warsaw pact was dissolved
Dissolution of soviet union in 1991 brought about end of the
communism

Unipolar world
USA as sole superpower
Disarmament
-CTBT(comprehensive test ban treaty) . India and
Pakistan did not sign this treaty
Nuclear proliferation treaty (1968)
Anti-ballistic missile treaty (SALT1,1972) ,
SALT2(1972-79)-disapproved by us senate
Star wars program
START(1982-1991)
New START 2010
Emergence of the us as the lone superpower

Unipolar

Emerging powers