Pemilihan subyek penelitian:

spesifikasi & sampling

Istilah dasar dan konsep
- populasi target dan aksesibilitas
- generalisasi hasil-hasil penelitian
-tahap-tahapan dalam rancangan protokol untuk mendapatkan
- subyek penelitian

Spesifikasi
- pemantapan kriteria inklusi
- pemantapan kriteria ekslusi
- pemilihan populasi aksessibilitas

Sampling
- sampling probabilitas
- sampling nonprobabilitas
- Kesimpulan pemilihan opsi rancangan sampling

Pemilihan subyek penelitian:

spesifikasi & sampling (sambungan)
Rekrutmen
- tujuan rekrutmen
- mempertinggi angka respon
- pendekatan rekrutmen umum

Ikhtisar kesalahan (error) dalam pemilihan subyek

penelitian.
-rancangan error
- implementasi error

Summary of how research works

infer
TRUTH IN
THE UNIVERSE

RESEARCH
QUESTION

TRUTH IN
THE STUDY
Random &
systematic
error

Target
population
Phenomena
of interest

infer

design

EXTERNAL
VALIDITY

STUDY
PLAN

FINDING IN
THE STUDY
Random &
systematic
error

ACTUAL
STUDY

Intended
sample

Actual
subjects

Intended
variables

Actual
measurementS

implement

INTERNAL
VALIDITY

Choosing the research question and designing the study plan

TRUTH IN THE
TRUTH IN
UNIVERSE
THE UNIVERSE

RESEARCH
RESEARCH
QUESTION
QUESTION

infer
infer

Random &
ERROR
systematic
error

TRUTH IN
TRUTH
IN
THE STUDY
THE STUDY

infer
FINDING IN
THE STUDY
ERROR

STUDY
STUDY
PLAN
PLAN

design

ACTUAL
STUDY
implement

Target
population

Intended
sample

Actual
subjects

Phenomena
of interest

Intended
variables

Actual
measurementS

EXTERNAL
VALIDITY

INTERNAL
VALIDITY

Choosing the study subjects that represent the population

infer

infer
TRUTH IN
THE UNIVERSE

TRUTH IN
THE STUDY
ERROR

RESEARCH
QUESTION

FINDING IN
THE STUDY
ERROR

STUDY
PLAN
design

ACTUAL
STUDY
implement

Target
Target
population
population

Intended
Intended
sample
sample

Actual
Actual
subjects
subjects

Phenomena
of interest

Intended
variables

Actual
measurementS

EXTERNAL
VALIDITY

INTERNAL
VALIDITY

Inferences in generalizing from the study subjects to the accesible and

target populations using a finding from the Framingham study
RESEARCH
QUESTION
Target
population
(GENERALIZA
TION FAIRLY
SECURE)
same ass exist
in all suburban
US adults

(GENERALI
ZATION LESS
SECURE)
exists in:
a) people living
other contries
b) other US
adults

ACTUAL
STUDY

STUDY
PLAN
EXT
VAL
INF
#2

Accessible
population
Same assoc
exist in all
Framingham
adults

EXT
VAL
INFER
#1

Intended
sample
Same assoc
exist in the
designed sample
Framingham
adults

INT
VALIDITY
INFER

Actual
subjects
Ass between
Hyp & CHD
obsered in
the actual of
Framingham
adults

The three steps in designing the protocol

for choosing the study subjects
RESEARCH
QUESTION
(Truth in the
Universe)

STUDY
PLAN
(Truth in th study)

STEP #1
Target populations

STEP #2
Target
Accessible
populations

STEP #3
Intended sample

Specify clinical and demographic characteristicss

Specify temporal and demographic characteristicss

Design an approach
to selecting the sample

CRITERIA

CRITERIA

CRITERIA

Well suited to the

research question

Rep of target
populations and
easy to the
study

Rep of accessible
populations and
easy to do

Specification

Sampling

SAMPLING
Probability sampling
Simple random sampling
Systematic sampling
Stratified random
sampling
Cluster sampling

Nonprobability sampling
Consecutive sampling
- a study of upper respiratory
illness in patients seen during a 2
-month period beginning in August

Convenience sampling
- The Multiple Risk Factor
Intervention Trial

Judgmental sampling
- a study of the effectiveness of
a brochure about fat-controlled
diets.