Scalar and Electromagnetic waves Scattering

by
Schwarzschild Black Hole

Dr . Muhammad Ayub Faridi

Centre for High Energy Physics ,

University of the Punjab , Lahore

2/23/15

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Outline
Scattering Theory
Schwarzschild Black Hole
Scalar Wave Scattering
Electromagnetic Wave
Scattering
Comparison b/w Scalar and
electromagnetic waves
Scattering
Conclusion
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Photon trajectories outside

Schwarzschild black hole

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Scattering
A classical geometrical view
Scattering
solid angle

d
Scattering angle

d
b
Incident
cross-section

Differential cross-section

Impact parameter

d
D
d
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Scattering
Scattering
solid angle

A classical geometrical view

Scattering angle

d
b
Incident
cross-section

Impact parameter

To be determined in specific situations

b db
D
sin d

tot d D d

Example: Hard-sphere scattering

b R cos / 2

tot R 2

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Scattering
Partial wave analysis
Develop the solution in
,terms of spherical harmonics
solution to a
spherically symmetrical potential

r , , R r Yl m ,
kr ? 1
V 0

h2 d 2u
h2 l (l 1)

V r
u Eu
2m dr 2
2m r 2
Radiation zone

V 0
intermediate zone
Scattering zone

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Scattering
Partial wave analysis

kr ? 1

Radiation zone

V 0
V 0

V 0

Solve the Schrdinger

equation with potential V
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R r eikr / r

Intermediate
zone

d 2u l (l 1)
2

k
u
2
2
dr
r

Physical
Solution
General Solution

R (r ) : hl 1 kr

Scattering zone

kr ? 1

d 2u
2

k
u
2
dr

Hankel functions

r , , A e cl ,m hl
l .m

ikz

kr Yl ,
m

Geometrical considerations

r , , A eikz k i l 1 2l 1 al hl 1 kr Pl cos
l

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Partial
wave amplitude
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Scattering
Partial wave analysis

kr ? 1
V 0

V 0

Connecting intermediate and radiation zone

eikr
r , , A e f
r

with

ikz

when

kr ? 1

f 2l 1 al Pl cos
l

Differential
cross-section
Total
cross-section
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D f
2

l'

2l 1 2l ' 1 a

a P cos Pl cos

*
l' l l'

D d 4 2l 1 al

Orthogonality of
Legendre polynomials

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Sc h wa r z s c h i l d Me t r i c
In
Schwarzschild coordinates, the line element for
the Schwarzschild metric has the form

where
,t = time coordinate
,r = radial coordinate
,colatitude=
, = longitude
A(r) = 1 2 M / r ,
M = mass of black hole and
B(r) =
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Scattering by Schwarzschild Black Hole

Considering the scalar wave equation in the at

space time.

In the Minkowski (at) metric

becomes.

above equation

Metric changes and derivative becomes covariant in

the curved space time but its form doesnt change.

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In curved spacetime form of K-G equation changes into

g g
Where Schwarzschild metric is given by

Also

As for the scalar fiel

the equation is Klei
Gordon i.e
A scalar field propagates in
schwarzschild spacetime The
equation which govern through
the evolution of massless scalar
field is,
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where g is the determinant of . Expanding the above equatio

substituting the Schwarzschild metric in the above equation.

The form along with the spherical symmetry

of metric , suggest the decomposition

Using this in above equation it separates into the

following radial and angular part
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for all [0, ]

gives that
= and |m|
being
integers.

r [2 M , )
The Schrodinger like equation
With
Regge-Wheeler and Zerilli
PhysRev.108.1063

Effective potential

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Amplitudes of Scattered and

Transmitted Waves:

where
Transmission coecient for
scalar wave for different
values of l as
a function
of 2M
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Scattering coecient for scalar

wave
for different values of l as a
function of 2M.

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Fig. shows Reection

coecient as a function
of l for the scattering of
massless scalar wave for
different values of

Scattering
Amplitude
or f( )can be
written as
fellow,

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For a particular value

of l

Absorption Cross Section:

Total absorption cross section as

A function of M.

Partial absorption cross sectio

for different values of
.l as a function of M

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Scattering Cross Section:

Fig. shows partial scattering

cross section for l = at M =

for scalar wave. In this case
regular oscillatory
has been observed. And in
table a comparison is shown for
the
partial scattering cross section
in Bardeen
and Schwarzschild
Difference
b/w Bardeen
and Schwarzschild Space time:
space time.

Schwarzschild spacetime
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Bardeen spacetime
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In g. Partial scattering cross

section for l = 2 at M = 1 for scalar
wave. In this case we see maximum
value of dierential cross section at
angle = 0 and oscillatory pattern is
not regular in this case. And in table
a comparison is shown for the
partial scattering cross section. The
angle at which the maxima have
been observed are almost same in
both cases.

In g. below partial scattering cross section for l = 3 at M = 1 for scalar

wave. In this case we see maximum value of dierential cross section at
angle = 0 and more complicated oscillatory pattern has been observed
as that of in pervious case. And in table a comparison is shown for the
partial scattering cross section. The values have little agreement in this
case.
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In fig. below partial scattering cross

section for l = 4 at M = 1 for
scalar wave. In this case we see
maximum value of dierential cross
section at angle = 0 and more
complicated oscillatory pattern has
been observed as that of in pervious
case. And in table a comparison is
shown for the partial scattering
cross section. The values have
dierences because in case of
schwarzschild is zero while in case
of Bardeen has non-zero value.

Above four gures shows the behavior of

partial scattering cross section as a
function of angle () for four dierent
partial waves from l = 1 up to l =4. On
comparing these gures we can see that
(i) when partial wave number l increase,
more complicated oscillatory pattern
arises. (ii) with the increase l the main
scattering angle becomes narrower. (iii)
scattering cross section increases with
the increase of l (iv) at = 0 the
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oscillation of dierential cross section is

Electromagnetic wave scattering

Include spin part in the eective potential of the
scalar wave eective potential. The Schrodinger
eqn.

where

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Eective potential for s = and

l = as a function of
dimensionless coordinate r.

Eective potential for s = and for

angular momentum l = as a function
of tortoise coordinate x.

Reection and Transmission

Coecients:

where

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Scattering coecient, for s = and

for different values of l as a
function of 2M.

as a function of l for the

scattering of electromagnetic
wave for different values of

Transmission coecient for s = and for different values of l in black

hole
scattering as a function of 2M.
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Absorption Cross
Section:

Partial absorption cross section for

l=1 up to l=5. From which we can
Total absorption cross section as a
see that corresponding partial
function of M. In which summation
absorption cross section starting
in above eqn. is performed from l=0
from zero and then reaches a
to l=12. For larger the M the total
maximum values and then
absorption cross section falls. When
decreases asymptotically. The larger
M >> 1 the absorption cross
the value of (l ) the correspondence
section tends to the geometricvalue of absorption cross section is
optic limit.
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Scattering Cross Section:

In case of black hole for electromagnetic
wave, the differential electromagnetic
scattering cross section

The behavior of partial

scattering cross section
from l= up to l =5 for
electromagnetic wave is
scattered from
Schwarzschild black hole.
With the increase of l the
width of main scattering
angle becomes narrower.

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For Glory Scattering:

Luis et al. Scattering:

= |

where

Our Work:

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Differential scattering cross section for the electromagnetic wave(spin 1) at M

Fig. shows dierential

electromagnetic scattering cross

section at M = . In fig. we made
comparison of our numerical
results(solid line) and glory
approximation (dotted line).
From this we can see that in this
case agreement is not good. This
is more clearly seen in fig. in
which only comparison portion is
taken. Only that portion is taken
in which comparison is made with
the Glory approximation. And in
table we show some numerical
results
at dierent angles in
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for the case when M = . 27
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Fig. shows dierential

electromagnetic scattering cross
section at M = 2. In figure we
made comparison of our
numerical results(solid line) and
glory approximation (dotted
line). From this we can see that
these are in not so good
agreement for . This is more
clearly seen in fig. in which only
comparison portion of is taken. .
And in table we show numerical
results for the electromagnetic
cross section at M = 2 at
dierent angles in (rad) . At some
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values
match with
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otherLahore
but not completely.

Fig. shows dierential

electromagnetic scattering cross
section at M = 3. In fig. we made
comparison of our numerical
results(solid line) and glory
approximation (dotted line). This
is more clearly seen in which only
comparison portion is taken. And
in table we compare some
numerical results for the
electromagnetic cross section at
M = 3 at dierent angles in (rad)
.The agreement of values at some
angles is good but near
approaching
to then
there
is
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dierence in our
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Fig. shows dierential

electromagnetic scattering
cross section at M = 4. In fig.
we made comparison of our
numerical results(solid line)
and glory approximation
(dotted line). This is more
clearly seen in fig.in which only
comparison portion is taken.
And in table we compare some
numerical results for the
electromagnetic cross section
at M = 4 at dierent angles
From all these figures and tables we can see that at higher values
(in rad). The agreement is good
M of numerical results are in good agreement but when value is
as compared to all pervious
smaller for M the agreement between them is not good.
cases.
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Comparison between
scalar and
electromagnetic wave
In Fig. a comparison
is shown for the
scattering
scattering
coecients of scalar
and electromagnetic
waves. It has shown
when l is then there
is an unexpected
difference noticed
while for rest of l the
difference becomes
small and small with
the increase of l or
agreement b/w them
is good.

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Fig. shows comparison of scattered amplitude as a

function of l for the different values of . At the lower

value of the agreement is not good but with the
increase of the agreement is excellent.
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From fig . it can be seen that at

lower value of M the difference
is greater but as the value of M
is increases the agreement is
good . The value of absorption
cross section start at zero in
case of electromagnetic wave
while it has greater value at the
same point in case of scalar
wave. And regular oscillatory
pattern
canthe
be behavior
seen at near
Fig. shows
of M
=in
both scalar
scattering
crossand
section at M =
electromagnetic
waves.
4 for the scalar wave
and
electromagnetic wave.From this
scattering ux is stronger and its
width becomes narrower in
forward direction. The glory
phenomenon exists along the
backward direction.At fixed
frequency the glory peak is
higher and width becomes
narrower.
So along
both
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in forward and backward

Solid line in red colour for

scalar wave while dotted
line in black is for
electromagnetic wave .

In Fig. comparison of partial

scattering cross section is shown
for scalar and electromagnetic
wave. At lower value of l up to 3
there is no dierence can be seen
for the partial scattering cross
section. But in case when l is 4
then we can see clear dierence
in the peak. The dierence is
more clear when l is 5. So from
here we can infer that when l
increases the dierence is greater
and greater.
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Conclusion :

Partial scattering cross section for scalar wave is compared with

Bardeen scattering cross section there is di erence between
Bardeen spacetime in black hole and Schwarzschild spacetime.

Which indicates actually dierence of alpha which have non

zero value in case of Bardeen spacetime and is zero in case of
Schwarzschild.

For Electromagnetic wave partial scattering cross section are in

good agreement at the lower value of l with the scalar wave
partial scattering cross section but with the increase of l the
dierence is appeared.

Total scattering cross section is compared with the Glory

scattering.

we numerically carry out the absorption cross section and we

fined that the larger the angular momentum quantum number l
is, the smaller the corresponding maximum value of the partial
absorption cross section
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