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Meios de Ligao
Engineers need to be continually reminded that nearly all engineering
failures result from faulty judgments rather than faulty calculations.
Eugene S. Ferguson, Engineering and the Minds Eye.
1998 McGraw-Hill
1998 McGraw-Hill
Roscas
Figure 15.2 Parafuso com Rosca (a) Simples, (b) Dupla, e (c) Tripla.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Perfis de Rosca
1998 McGraw-Hill
Perfis Roscados M e UN
1998 McGraw-Hill
1998 McGraw-Hill
N umberof
threads perinch, a
n
16
14
12
12
10
8
6
6
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
S hears tres s
area, A s, in2
0.02663
0.04438
0.06589
0.09720
0.1225
0.1955
0.2732
0.4003
0.5175
0.6881
0.8831
1.030
1.266
1.811
2.454
2.982
3.802
4.711
5.181
7.338
9.985
12.972
16.351
0.3355
0.4344
0.5276
0.6396
0.7278
0.9180
1.084
1.313
1.493
1.722
1.952
2.110
2.341
2.803
3.262
3.610
4.075
4.538
4.757
5.700
6.640
7.577
8.511
1998 McGraw-Hill
n tan
cos tan 2
l
d
p
tan 1
Figure 15.7 Foras actuantes ao subir carga na rosca de um fuso. (a) Foras a actuar no
paraleleppedo; (b) foras a actuar na seco axial; (c) foras a actuar no plano tangencial.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Binrio Necessrio:
Subir
Carga:
Pn
W
cos n cos sin
d p cos n tan
rc c
Tr W
2 cos n tan
Descer
Carga:
Pn
W
cos n cos sin
d p cos n tan
rc c
Tl W
2 cos n tan
Rendimento do Fuso
100l
2 d p 2 tan
cos n tan
l cos n
d p
Tipos de Parafusos
Figure 15.8 Trs tipos de parafusos. (a) Parafuso sextavado e porca (bolt
and nut); (c) Parafuso sextavado (cap screw); (c) Perno (stud).
1998 McGraw-Hill
Figure 15.9 Analogia da ligao parafuso porca por uma ligao por molas de
compresso e traco.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Ab Eb kb
Pi L Pi
Aj E j k j
b
b
i
O parafuso alonga com (Fb+Pi);
k k
b
Pj Fj Pi
Fj
kj
Pi C P Pi
j
kjP
kb k j
Pi 1 C P Pi
kb
kb k J
Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid
1998 McGraw-Hill
Figure 15.11 Foras versus deformao para parafuso elementos a ligados com
carregamento exterior aplicado.
1998 McGraw-Hill
1998 McGraw-Hill
Pb Pi C k P
Pj Pi 1 C k P
1998 McGraw-Hill
Parafuso e Porca
kc
AcE
L se
kr
1 1
k b
kc kr
ArE
L te
AcAr E
A c L te A r L se
1
kj
......
k
k
j
1
j
2
h t2 2 t2 d
L
h d 2 t2 d
1998 McGraw-Hill
tg f Ei d
2 Li tg f d i d di d
ln
2 Li tg f di d d i d
k ji
Material
Steel
Aluminum
Copper
Graycastiron
Poiss ons
ratio,
0. 291
0. 334
0. 326
0. 211
i 1,K
0.577 Ei d
, para f 30
1.15 Li di d di d
ln
1.15
L
d
d
i
i
i
Ei d Ai e Bi dc
Modulus of
Elasticity, E,
GPa
206. 8
71.0
118. 6
100. 0
Li
N umerical Constants
Ai
Bi
0. 78715
0.62873
0. 79670
0.63816
0. 79568
0.63553
0. 77871
0.61616
Exemplo 15.6
Pr-Tenso
0,75 Pp
Pi
0,90 PP
Ligaes Amovveis
Ligaes Inamovveis
PP A t SP
1998 McGraw-Hill
Binrio de Aperto
Formas de controlar a pr-tenso:
Medir a deformada do parafuso;
P L
i
AE
Medir o binrio de aperto aplicado ao parafuso.
d p cos n tan
rc c
T Pi
2 cos n tan
Proof
strength, Sp ,
MPa
225
310
380
600
650
830
970
Table 15.5 Classe de resistncia para parafusos de ao para vrios tamanhos de parafusos.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Determinao do
comprimento
roscado do parafuso
(dimenses em
milmetros)
2d c 6 L 125
Lt 2d c 12 125 L 200
2d 25 L 200
c
Cres t
diameter,
d c, mm
1
1.6
2
2.5
3
4
5
6
8
10
12
16
20
24
30
36
42
48
Coars eThreads(MC)
Tens ile
Pitch, p,
s tres sarea,
mm
A t, mm2
0.25
0.460
0.35
1.27
0.4
2.07
0.45
3.39
0.5
5.03
0.7
8.78
0.8
14.2
1
20.1
1.25
36.6
1.5
58.0
1.75
84.3
2
157
2.5
245
3
353
3.5
561
4
817
4.5
1121
5
1473
FineThreads (MF)
Tens ile
Pitch, p,
s tres s area,
mm
A t, mm2
0.20
1.57
.25
2.45
.35
3.70
.35
5.61
.5
9.79
.5
16.1
.75
22
1
39.2
1.25
61.2
1.25
92.1
1.5
167
1.5
272
2
384
2
621
3
865
Dimenses de
Parafusos
Mtricos
1998 McGraw-Hill
Separao da Junta
Aparafusada
Tenso no parafuso:
Pmax n s C k Pi
Sp
At
At
nPs
m
Pr tenso
requerida
At , para dado N
n Ps
Pb Pi
S p At
m N
N , para dada At
1998 McGraw-Hill
n
Pb Pi C n P
N
1998 McGraw-Hill
Ps
At , para dado N
P S p At
N , para dada At
m
Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid
Carregamento Cclico
1998 McGraw-Hill
SAEgrade
02
48
Metric
g rade
3.65.8
6.610.9
Ro lled
threads
2.2
3.0
Cut
threads
2.8
3.8
Fillet
2.1
2.3
1998 McGraw-Hill
1998 McGraw-Hill
Material
E [MPa]
Cortia
86
Asbestos
Comprimidos
480
Asbestos e
Cobre
93x103
Teflon
240
Fibras
Vegetais
120
Borracha
68
1998 McGraw-Hill