Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning

Civil Engineering Department

Petra Christian University
BEND-T and

GENERAL
EFFECTIVE WIDTH OF T & L - BEAM
DESIGN OF T-BEAM
EXAMPLE

BEND-T and

GENERAL
beam
Slab

column

beam

Slab

column

Beam-Slab-Column are cast simultaneously

View 1-1
BEND-T and T-Beam

View 2-2
L-Beam

IF BEAM & SLAB ARE CAST SIMULTANEOUSLY

* The DEFLECTION of beam will cause the adjacent slab

bend together with the beam.
* In POSITIVE MOMENT area, the cross section of slab will add the
compression area of beam. Thus, beam section could be considered
as T or L section.
* In NEGATIVE MOMENT area, the cross section of slab will be in
tension area of beam. Thus, beam section could be considered as
a rectangular section.
BEND-T and

EFFECTIVE WIDTH OF T-BEAM

SKSNI T15-1991-03 sec. 3.1.10

Should be taken as the minimum value of these following conditions :
L
bf

1.

hf

2.

bf

bf
8 hf

8 hf

bw
bw

bf L
3.

bw

bf 16 hf + bw
bf

bf
ln

ln

bw

BEND-T and

ln

bw

bf ln+ bw

EFFECTIVE WIDTH OF L-BEAM

SKSNI T15-1991-03 sec. 3.1.10

Should be taken as the minimum value of these following conditions :
L
bf
hf

bw

bf

2.

bf 6 hf + bw

bf

bf
ln

bw

BEND-T and

1 L+b
w
12

1.

ln

3. bf ln+ bw
bw

DESIGN OF T-BEAM
UNREAL T-BEAM (c hf)
bf

hf

0.85 fc

0.003

d
Mu

d-a

As
s > y

bw

H = 0
Cc = T
0.85 fc . a . b = As . fy
As . fy
a =
0.85 . fc . bf
M = 0
BEND-T and

Mu

Cc

fy

.. (1)

= Mn
= As . fy (d - a) .. (2)

DESIGN OF T-BEAM
REAL T-BEAM (c > hf)
bf
1

hf
1

0.85 fc

0.003

Cc1
Cc2

d
Mu

As
s > y

bw

T
fy

H = 0 Cc1 + Cc2 = T
0.85 fc . hf (bf - bw) + 0.85 fc. a . bw = As. fy
a = As.fy - 0.85 fc . hf (bf - bw)
.. (1)
0.85 fc . bw
M = 0
BEND-T and

Mu

= Mn
= { Cc1 (d - hf) + Cc2 (d - a)}

EXAMPLE

(Wang & Salmon, Example 9.2)

1200

100

610

fc = 20 MPa
fy = 400 MPa

As
380

A. Design the beam reinforcement if the moment due to dead load and
live load is 88 kNm and 135 kNm respectively.
B. Calculate the maximum reinforcement based on SKSNI T-15-1991-03;
How much the permissible value of cmax (define in cbal) ?

BEND-T and

ANSWER
A. How much As .. ?
* Ultimate Moment should be resisted :
Mu = 1.2 MD + 1.6 ML
= 1.2 x 88 + 1.6 x 135 = 321.6 kNm
* Calculation of As
To be assumed as Un-Real T-beam (c < hf)
C = T
0.85 fc. a . bf = As . fy
0.85 x 20 x a x 1200 = As x 400
a = 0.01961 As
Mu
321.6 x 106
321.6 x 106
BEND-T
andx 106
321.6

=
=
=
=

Mn
0.8 As . fy ( d - a )
0.8 As . 400 (610 - 0.01961 As)
195200 As - 3.1376 As2

10

* Check the assumption c < hf :

a = 0.01961 As
= 0.01961 x 1694 = 33 mm
a
c = 1 = 39 mm
The assumption c < hf is true !
B. How much As max .. ?
max = 0.75 bal
0.85 . fc . 1
600
= 0.75
fy
600 + fy
0.85 . 20 . 0.85
600
= 0.75
400
600 + 400

BEND-T and

As max = max . b . d
= 0.0163 x 380 x 610
= 3778 mm2

= 0.0163

11

* Check the assumption c < hf :

C = T
0.85 fc. a . bf = As . fy
0.85 x 20 x a x 1200 = 3778 x 400
a = 74 mm
a
74
c =
=
= 87 mm (the assumption is true)
1 0.85
cbal
=
0.003

0.003
cbal
d
y

BEND-T and

cbal =
Thus :

d
0.003 + y

xE

600
d = 366 mm
600 + fy
c

87
= 0.24
cbal
366
c = 0.24 cbal
=

End of presentation

12