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Contents
Classifying the Elements: The Periodic Law and
the Periodic Table
Metals and Nonmetals and Their Ions
The Sizes of Atoms and Ions
Ionization Energy
Electron Affinity
Electronegativity
Reactivity
Magnetic Properties
Periodic Properties of the Elements
General Chemistry: Chapt
er 10
T a b la P e r i d ic a
E le c t r o n e s
N e u tro n e s
N m e ro d e m a s a
Is to p o s
G ru p o s
P e ro d o s
A r r e g lo d e e le c t r o n e s
L e y P e r i d ic a
Alkali Metals
Alkaline Earths
Halogens
Noble Gases
Main Group
Transition Metals
Main Group
bigger.
H
Li
Na
K
Rb
Na
Mg
Al
Si
S Cl Ar
Periodic Law
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Grupos
Bloque Grupo Nombres
Config. Electrn.
1
2
Alcalinos
Alcalino-trreos
n s1
n s2
13
14
15
16
17
18
Trreos
Carbonoideos
Nitrogenoideos
Anfgenos
Halgenos
Gases nobles
n s2 p1
n s2 p2
n s2 p3
n s2 p4
n s2 p5
n s2 p6
3-12
Elementos de transicin
n s2(n1)d1-10
n s2 (n1)d1(n2)f1-14
20
21
TIPOS DE ENLACES
INICO
ENLACES DE HIDRGENO
COVALENTE
METLICO
23
24
Valence Electrons
The number of valence
electrons an atom has
may also appear in a
square.
Valence electrons are
the electrons in the
outer energy level of an
atom.
These are the electrons
that are transferred or
shared when atoms
bond together.
Electronegatividad
Electronegatividad
Nivel principal de
energa
n=4
Incremento de energa
n=3
n=2
Subnivel
4d
5s
4p
3d
4s
3p
3s
2p
2s
n=1
1s
Elemento
Configuracin electrnica
Flor
Cloro
Bromo
Yodo
Configuracin
ms externa
ns2 np5
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p5
11
11
Na+ [Ne]
Ca [Ar]4s2
Ca2+ [Ar]
Al [Ne]3s23p1
Al3+ [Ne]
H 1s1
H- 1s2 or [He]
1s22s22p5F
F- 1s22s22p6 or [Ne]
O 1s22s22p4
N 1s22s22p3
Na+, Al3+, F-, O2-, y N3- son todos isoelectrnicos con el Ne.
Poseen la misma configuracin electrnica que el Ne.
EFECTO PANTALLA S
42
43
44
46
aumenta
47
48
Radio Atmico
Propiedades Peridicas
En un mismo periodo
disminuye al aumentar
la carga nuclear
efectiva (hacia la
derecha).
Periodo 2
51
un grupo, el
radio aumenta al
aumentar el periodo,
pues existen ms
capas de
electrones.
Grupo 1
52
53
Radio
Metlico
o
Covalente
Inico
Figure 8.13
Cationic Radii
58
Anionic Radii
59
Sizes of Ions
Ionic size
depends upon:
Nuclear charge.
Number of
electrons.
Orbitals in which
electrons reside.
Sizes of Ions
Cations are
smaller than their
parent atoms.
The outermost
electron is
removed and
repulsions are
reduced.
Sizes of Ions
Anions are larger
than their parent
atoms.
Electrons are
added and
repulsions are
increased.
Sizes of Ions
Ions increase in
size as you go
down a column.
Due to increasing
value of n.
Sizes of Ions
In an isoelectronic series, ions have the
same number of electrons.
Ionic size decreases with an increasing
nuclear charge.
Radio Inico
Radio Inico.
Los elementos pueden perder o ganar electrones para formar iones
positivos (cationes) o iones negativos (aniones). El radio de un catin es
siempre menor que el tomo que lo genera, mientras que el in negativo
tendr siempre un radio mayor.
A
A+
+ e
A + e
A-
Anines
X+(g) + e-
I2 + X+(g)
X2+(g) + e-
I3 + X2+(g)
X3+(g) + e-
Na [Ne]3s1
Mg [Ne]3s2
Al [Ne]3s23p1
Si [Ne]3s23p2
Cl [Ne]3s23p5
P [Ne]3s23p3
Ar [Ne]3s23p6 = [Ar]
S [Ne]3s23p4
74
Mg(g) Mg+(g) + e-
I1 = 738 kJ
Mg+(g) Mg2+(g) + e-
I2 = 1451 kJ
Zeff2
I = RH 2
n
75
Aumento en la
Energa de
ionizacin
79
80
81
82
83
Electronegatividad ( )
y Carcter Metlico
Aumento de
En La Tabla Peridica
87
Electronegativity
89
90
Reactividad
Es la capacidad de reaccin qumica que presenta ante
otros reactivos.
Se
puede
distinguir
entre
la
reactividad
Termodinmica y la reactividad cintica. La primera
distingue entre s la reaccin est o no favorecida por
entalpa (competencia entre energa y entropa). La
segunda decide si la reaccin tendr lugar o no en una
escala de tiempo dada. As, hay reacciones permitidas
por termodinmica (como la combustin de grafito en
presencia de aire ), pero que estn bloqueadas por
cintica.
La qumica orgnica y la qumica inorgnica estudian
la reactividad de los distintos compuestos. La qumica
fsica trata de calcular o predecir la reactividad de los
compuestos, y de racionalizar los caminos de
reaccin.
NMEROS DE OXIDACIN
NMEROS DE OXIDACIN
NMEROS DE OXIDACIN
98
Alkali Metals
Found only as compounds in nature.
Have low densities and melting points.
Also have low ionization energies.
Alkali Metals
Alkali Metals
Alkali metals (except Li) react with oxygen to
form peroxides.
K, Rb, and Cs also form superoxides:
K + O2
KO2
Produce bright colors when placed in flame.
Group 6A
Oxygen
Two allotropes:
O2
O3, ozone
Three anions:
O2, oxide
O22, peroxide
O21, superoxide
Sulfur
Weaker oxidizing
agent than oxygen.
Most stable allotrope
is S8, a ringed
molecule.
Prototypical nonmetals
Name comes from the Greek halos and
gennao: salt formers
Monatomic gases
112
Zeff = Z S
En = -R Zeff2
H
n2
113
Cationic Radii
114
Anionic Radii
115
116
117
F(g) + e- F-(g)
EA = -328 kJ
F(1s22s22p5) + e- F(1s22s22p5)
Li(g) + e- Li-(g)
kJ
EA = -59.6
118
119
O(g) + e- O-(g)
EA = -141 kJ
O-(g) + e- O2-(g)
kJ
EA = +744
120
121
Paramagnetism
122
Boiling Point
?
266
?
332
123
124
125
I1 = 590 kJ
I2 = 1145 kJ
126
2 Na + Cl2 2
NaCl
Cl2 + 2 I- 2 Cl- +
I2
127
128
Mercury
Should be a solid.
Relativistic
shrinking of sorbitals affects all
heavy metals but is
maximum with Hg.
129
Magnetic Properties
Although an electron behaves like a tiny
magnet, two electrons that are opposite in
spin cancel each other. Only atoms with
unpaired electrons exhibit magnetic
susceptibility (see Fig. 8.2).
A paramagnetic substance is one that is weakly
attracted by a magnetic field, usually the result of
unpaired electrons.
A diamagnetic substance is not attracted by a
magnetic field generally because it has only
paired electrons.
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
Properties of Non-Metals
Non-metals are poor
conductors of heat
and electricity.
Non-metals are not
ductile or malleable.
Solid non-metals are
brittle and break
easily.
They are dull.
Many non-metals are
gases.
Sulfur
Properties of Metalloids
Metalloids (metal-like)
have properties of both
metals and non-metals.
They are solids that can
be shiny or dull.
They conduct heat and
electricity better than
non-metals but not as
well as metals.
They are ductile and
malleable.
Silicon
Families
Columns of elements are
called groups or families.
Elements in each family
have similar but not
identical properties.
For example, lithium (Li),
sodium (Na), potassium
(K), and other members
of family IA are all soft,
white, shiny metals.
All elements in a family
have the same number of
valence electrons.
Periods
Each horizontal row of
elements is called a
period.
The elements in a period
are
not
alike
in
properties.
In fact, the properties
change greatly across
even given row.
The first element in a
period is always an
extremely active solid.
The last element in a
period, is always an
inactive gas.
Tabla Peridica
(A) Periods of the periodic table, and (B) families of the periodic table.
157
158
159
160
161
162
ISOELECTRONIC SUBSTANCES
and EXCITED STATES
Substances with the same number of electrons
are isoelectronic ions.
Isoelectronic ions (or molecules) ions (or
molecules) with the same number of valence
electrons.
Isoelectronic substances: P3, S2, Cl, Ar, K+, Ca2+.
The electron configation of an element in an
excited state will have an electron in a highenergy state
E.g. [Ar]4s13d94p1 is an excited-state electron
configuration for Cu.
163
Atomic Radius
Atomic radii
actually decrease
across a row in the
periodic table. Due
to an increase in
the effective
nuclear charge.
Within each group
(vertical column),
the atomic radius
tends to increase
with the period
number.
164
Atomic Radius 2
If positively charged the radius decreases while if the
charge is negatively the radius increases (relative to the
atom).
When substances have the same number of electrons
(isoelectronic), the radius will depend upon which has the
largest number of protons.
E.g. Predict which of the following substances has the
largest radius: P3, S2, Cl, Ar, K+, Ca2+.
165
IONIZATION ENERGY
B, Al, Ga, etc.: their ionization energies are slightly less than the
ionization energy of the element preceding them in their period.
Group 6A elements.
Transition Metals
Transition Elements
include those
elements in the B
families.
These are the metals
you are probably
most familiar: copper,
tin, zinc, iron, nickel,
gold, and silver.
They are good
conductors of heat
and electricity.
Transition Metals
Transition Elements
Transition elements have properties similar to one another
and to other metals, but their properties do not fit in with
those of any other family.
Many transition metals combine chemically with oxygen to
form compounds called oxides.
Boron Family
The Boron Family is
named after the first
element in the family.
Atoms in this family have
3 valence electrons.
This family includes a
metalloid (boron), and the
rest are metals.
This family includes the
most abundant metal in
the earths crust
(aluminum).
Carbon Family
Atoms of this family
have 4 valence electrons.
This family includes a
non-metal (carbon),
metalloids, and metals.
The element carbon is
called the basis of life.
There is an entire branch
of chemistry devoted to
carbon compounds
called organic chemistry.
Nitrogen Family
The nitrogen family is
named after the element
that makes up 78% of our
atmosphere.
This family includes nonmetals, metalloids, and
metals.
Atoms in the nitrogen family
have 5 valence electrons.
They tend to share electrons
when they bond.
Other elements in this
family are phosphorus,
arsenic, antimony, and
bismuth.
Oxygen Family
Atoms of this family have
6 valence electrons.
Most elements in this
family share electrons
when forming compounds.
Oxygen is the most
abundant element in the
earths crust. It is
extremely active and
combines with almost all
elements.
Noble Gases
Halogen Family
The elements in this
family are fluorine,
chlorine, bromine,
iodine, and astatine.
Halogens have 7
valence electrons,
which explains why
they are the most
active non-metals. They
are never found free in
nature.
The ocean
is a
Zn Dendritic nanostructures
TABLA PERIDICA
RADIOS ATMICOS
AFINIDAD ELECTRONICA
kJ/mol
ELECTRONEGATIVIDADES