Anatomy

of
The Respiratory System

Alkahfi Harifudin

Introduction
The respiratory system is composed of
structures involved in ventilation and gas
exchange.
Anatomically, dividing the system into an
upper respiratory system and a lower
respiratory system

 The upper respiratory system consists of

the nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses,
and pharynx (throat)
The lower respiratory system includes the
larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and
alveoli of the lungs.

The Nose, Nasal Cavity, and Paranasal Sinuses

External nares
Air normally enters through paired of these.
Nasal Vestibule
Space contained within the flexible tissues of the nose
The epithelium of vestibule contains coarse hairs that
extend across the extenal nares.
Nasal Septum
Divides the nasal cavity into left and right portions.
The bony is formed by the fusion of the perpendicular
plate of the ethmoid bone and the plate of the vomer

 Paranasal sinuses
Sinuses of the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and paired
maxillary and palatine bones
Produce the mucous secretions to help keep the
surface of the nasal cavity moist and clean.
The olfactory region
Inferior surface of the criibriform plate
The superior portion of the nasal septum
The superior nasal conchae

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 The bony hard palate

Portions of the maxillary and palatine bones.
Forms the floor of the nasal cavity and separates it from
the oral cavity
A Flesh soft palate
Posterior to the hard palate
Marking the boundary between the superior nasopharynx
and the rest of the pharynx
The nasal cavity opens into the nasopharynx through a
connection known as the internal nares.

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 Vascularization
In the lamina propria, it contains an abundance of
arteries, veins, and capillaries that bring nutrients and
water to the secretory cell.
It warms and humidifies the incoming air.
As cool, dry air passes inward over the exposed
surfaces of the nasal cavity, the warm epithelium
radiates heat, and water in the mucus evaporates.
Then, air moving from your nasal cavity to your lungs
is heated almost to body temperature

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 Vakularisasi
Bagian atas rongga hidung mendapat pendarahan dari
a.etmoid anterior dan posterior yang merupakan cabang
dari a.oftalmika dari a.karotis interna
Bagian bawah rongga hidung mendapat pendarahan dari
cabang a.maksilaris interna, diantaranya adalah ujung
a.palatina mayor dan a.sfenopalatina
Bagian depan, mendapat pendarahan dari cabangcabang a.facialis.
Vena-vena hidung mempunyai nama yang sama dan
berjalan berdampingan dengan arterinya.
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Persarafan
Bagian depan dan atas rongga hidung mendapat persarafan
sensoris dari n.etmoidalis anterior, yang merupakan cabang
dari n.nasosiliaris, yang berasal dari n. Oftalmikus.
Bagian lainnya sebagian besar mendapat persarafan
sensoris dari n.maksila.
N. Olfaktorius, saraf ini berada di se;-sel reseptor penghidu
pada mukosa olfaktorius di daerah sepertiga atas hidung

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Inervation

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The Pharynx
Is a chamber shared by the digestive and respiratory
system
Dividing the pharynx into the nasopharynx, the
oropharynx, and the laryngopharynx
Nasopharynx
Superior portion of the pharynx.
Connecting to the posterior portion of the nasal cavity
through the internal nares.
Lining by the same pseudostratified ciliated columnar
epithelium.
The pharyngeal tonsil and the auditory tubes.
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 Oropharynx
Extends between the soft palate and the base of the
tongue at the level of the hyoid bone.
The epithelium changes from pseudostratified
columnar epithelim to stratified squamous epithelium
Laryngopharynx
Extends between the hyoid bone and the entrance to
the larynx and esophagus
Lining with a stratified squamous epithelium that resist
abrasion, chemical attack, and invasion by pathogens.

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Pharynx

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Pharynx

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Pharynx
Vaskularisasi:
A. pharingea ascendens, a. palatinus ascendens, a. facialis, a.
maxillaris dan a. lingualis
Vena membentuk plexus pharyngeal v. jugularis interna

Aliran limfatik: nnll. Cervicalis profundus

Persarafan:
Motorik: n. X dan XI dan cabang-cabangnya
Sensorik: N. V

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Pharynx

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The Larynx
Then, inhaled air enters the larynx through a narrow
opening called the glottis.
The larynx begins at the level of vertebra C4 or C5
and ends at the level of vertebra C6.
The larynx has incomplete cartilaginous walls that
are stabilized by ligaments and skeletal muscle.

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Cartilages of The Larynx

Three large, unpaired cartilages from the larynx :
The thyroid cartilage
The cricoid cartilage
The epiglotis
The larynx also contains three pairs of smaller hyaline
cartilages :
The arytenoid cartilages
The corniculate cartilages
The cuneiform cartilages

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The Thyroid Cartilage

The largest laryngeal cartilage.
Made of hyaline cartilage.
Forms most of the anterior and lateral walls of the larynx but
posteriorly, it is incomplete.
The prominent anterior surface of thyroid cartilage, called
the laryngeal prominence or Adams apple.
The inferior surface articulates with the cricoid cartilage.
The superior surface has ligamentous attachments to the
hyoid bone and to the epiglottis.

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The Cricoid Cartilage

Made of hyaline cartilage.
The posterior portion is expanded, providing
support in the absence of the thyroid cartilage.
It protects the glottis and the entrance to the
trachea.
The inferior surface is attached by ligaments and
the superior surface articulates with the arytenoid
cartilages.

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The Epiglottis
Composed of elastic cartilage.
It has ligamentous atachments to the anterior and
superior borders of the thyroid cartilage and the
hyoid bone.
During swallowing, the larynx is elevated and the
epiglottis folds back over the glottis, preventing both
liquids and solid food from entering the respiratory
tract.

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Three Pairs of Smaller Hyaline

Cartilages
The arytenoid cartilages
Articulate with the superior border of the enlarged portion
of the cricoid cartilage
The corniculate cartilages
Articulate with the arytenoid cartilages.
It function in the opening and closing of the glottis and the
production of sound, with arytenoid cartilages
Elongated, curving cuneiform cartilages
Lie within folds of tissue that extend between the lateral
surface of each arytenoid cartilage and the epiglottis

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Ligaments
Bind together the various laryngeal cartilages.
The cricothyroid ligament is the common placement site for
a tracheostomy, a tracheal incision to bypass an airway
obstruction.
The vestibular ligaments and the vocal ligaments are
inelastic, they help to prevent foreign objects from entering
the glottis and also protect the more delicate vocal fods

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The Laryngeal Musculature

Associated with two sets of muscle, they are :
Muscle of the neck and pharynx, which stabilize the
larynx.
Smaller intrinsic muscles that control tension in the vocal
fods or open and close the glottis.
When swallowing, both sets of muscles work together to
prevent food or drink from entering the glottis.
Muscle of the neck and pharynx then elevate the larynx,
bending the epiglottis over the glottis, so that bolus can glide
across the epiglottis rather than falling into the larynx.
While this movement is under way, the glottis is closed.
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Coughing Reflex
Food or liquids that touch the vestibular or vocal folds trigger
the coughing reflex.
But the glottis is kept closed while the chest and abdominal
muscle contract, compressing the lungs.
When the glottis is opened suddenly, a blast of from the
trachea ejects material that blocks the entrance to the
glottis.

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Vascularization

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The Trachea
Diameter : 2,5 cm and a length of about 11 cm.
Begins anterior to vertebra C6 in a ligamentous attachment
to the cricoid cartilage.
Ends in the mediastinum, at the level of vertebra T5, where it
branches to form the right and left primary bronchi.
The trachea contains 15-20 tracheal cartilages, which serve
to stiffen the tracheal walls and protect the airway.
Each tracheal cartilage is C-shaped. Protect the anterior and
lateral surface of the trachea.

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 The trachealis muscle, connect the ends of each tracheal

cartilage.
Contraction of the trachealis muscle reduces the diameter of
trachea. This narrowing increases the tubes resistance to
airflow.
It primarly under the control of the sympathetic division of
the ANS.
Sympathetic stimulation increase the diameter of the
trachea and makes it easier to move large volume of air
along the respiratory passageways.

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References
Martini, F.H., Nath, J.L, Bartholomew, E.F., and Ober, W.C.
Fundamental of Anatomy & Physiology. 9th ed. San Fransisco:
Pearson Benjamin Cummings; 2012
Rab, T. Ilmu Penyakit Paru. 1st ed. Jakarta: CV Trans Info Media;
2010
Paulsen, F. & Waschke, J. Sobotta Atlas Anatomi Manusia. 23 ed.
Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kedokteran EGC; 2010
Kuliah Pakar dr. Ahmad Azwar Habibi, M.Biomed FK UIN Syarif
Hidayatullah.

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