A

basic screening test

that evaluates the cells
that circulate in blood.

Acomplete blood count(CBC),

also known asfull blood
count(FBC) orfull blood
exam(FBE) orblood panel.

Screen for a wide range

of conditions and
diseases

Monitor the condition and/or

effectiveness of treatment after
a diagnosis is established

Help diagnose various conditions, such

asanemia ,infection,
inflammation,bleeding disorder
orleukemia etc

Monitor treatment that is known to

affect blood cells, such as
chemotherapy or radiation therapy

 A CBC is a panel of
tests that evaluates the
three types of cells that
circulate in the blood
and includes the
following:
Evaluation of white
blood cells
Evaluation of red blood
cells
Evaluation of platelets

 White blood cell (WBC)

count is a count of the total

number of white blood cells in

a person's sample of blood. All
the white cell types are given
as a percentage and as an
absolute number per litre.

White blood cell

differential
may or may not be included as part
of the panel of tests. It identifies and
counts the number of the various
types of white blood cells present.
The five types
includeneutrophils,lymphocytes,mo
nocytes,eosinophils, andbasophils.

WBC:
4,000 10,000/cubicmm

WBC DIFFERENTIAL:
Neutrophil
40-75%
Lymphocytes 1575%
Monocytes

1-

Eosinophils

1-6%
0-2%

10%
Basophils

Full
Test

Name
WBC

White
Blood Cell
Count

examples of causes
of a low count
Known as leukopenia
or damage

examples of
causes of a high
count
Known as leukocytosis

infections most
commonly bacterial
Autoimmune conditions
Severe infections (sepsis) orviral
Leukemia,
lymphomaor other
myeloproliferative
cancer that spread to the
disorders
bone marrow
inflammation
Diseases of immune
Allergies , Asthma
system (e.g.,HIV)
Tissue death
(trauma, burns,heart
attack)
Intense exercise or
severe stress

Test

Full

Name

examples of causes of a
low count

examples of causes
of a high count

Neu, PMN, Absoluteneutrophil

polys
count, %
neutrophils

Known as neutropenia
Severe,over whelming
infection (sepsis)
Autoimmune disorders
Reaction to drugs,
chemotherapy
Immunodeficiency
Bone marrow damage
(e.g., chemotherapy,
radiation therapy)

Known as neutrophilia
Acute bacterial
infections
Inflammation
Tissue death
(necrosis) caused by
trauma, heart attack,
burns
leukemia

eos

Absoluteeosinophil
count, %
eosinophils

not medically significant.

Parasitic infections,
asthma,allergic
reaction.

baso

Absolutebasophil
count, % basophils

not medically significant

bone marrow related

conditions such as
leukemia or lymphoma

TEST

Full

Name

examples of causes examples of causes

of a low count
of a high count

mono

Absolutemonocyte
count, % monocytes

not medically
significant.

bacterial infection,
tuberculosis, malaria,
monocytic leukemia

lympho

Absolute
Lymphocyte count,
% lymphocytes

Known as
lymphocytopenia
Autoimmune disorders
(e.g.,lupusrheumatoid
arthritis)
Infections (e.g.,
HIV,viral hepatitis ,
typhoid fever,influenza)
Bone marrow damage
(e.g., chemotherapy,
radiation therapy)
Corticosteroids

Known as lymphocytosis
Acute viral infections
(e.g.,chicken
pox,cytomegalovirus
(CMV),Epstein-Barr virus
(EBV),herpes)
Certain bacterial
infections
(e.g.tuberculosis
Lymphocytic leukemia,
lymphoma
Stress (acute)

 Red blood cell (RBC) count is a count of the

actual number of red blood cells in a person's sample of

blood.

Hemoglobin measures the amount of the oxygencarrying protein in the blood.

Hematocrit measures the percentage of a person's

blood that consists of red blood cells.

Red blood cell indices are calculations

that provide information on the physical characteristics

of the RBCs:

(RDW), which may be included in a CBC, is a

calculation of the variation in the size of RBCs.

Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) is a

measurement of the average size of RBCs .

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin

is a
calculation of the average amount of oxygencarrying hemoglobin inside a red blood cell.

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin

concentration (MCHC) is a calculation of

the average percentage of hemoglobin inside a red

cell.

reticulocyte count which is a

measurement of the absolute count or percentage

of young red blood cells in blood.

Test

Full Name

RBC

Red Blood Cell

Count

Hb

Hemoglobin

Hct

Hematocrit

examples of causes of low

result

examples of causes of high

result

Known asanemia
Acute or chronic bleeding
RBC destruction
(e.g.hemolytic anemia,etc.)
Nutritional deficiency (e.g.,
iron deficiency, vitamin B12
or folate deficiency)
Bone marrow disorders or
damage
Chronic inflammatory
disease
Kidney failure

Known aspolycythemia
Dehydration
Pulmonary disease
Kidney or other tumor that
produces excess erythropoietin
Smoking
Genetic causes (altered
oxygen sensing, abnormality in
hemoglobin oxygen release)

Usually mirrors RBC results,

provides added information

Usually mirrors RBC results

Usually mirrors RBC results

Usually mirrors RBC results;

most common cause is
dehydration

Test

Full Name

examples of causes of
low result

examples of causes of
high result

MCV

Mean
Corpuscular
Volume

Indicates RBCs are smaller

than normal (microcytic);
caused byiron deficiency
anemia orthalassemia, for
example.

Indicates RBCs are larger

than normal (macrocytic), for
example inanemia caused
by folate or vit B12
deficiency

MCH

Mean
Corpuscular
Hemoglobin

Mirrors MCV results; small

red cells would have a lower
value.

Mirrors MCV results;

macrocytic RBCs are large so
tend to have a higher MCH.

Mean
Corpuscular
Hemoglobin
Concentratio
n

Increased MCHC values

(hyperchromia) are seen in
May be low when MCV is low; conditions where the
decreased MCHC values
hemoglobin is more
(hypochromia) are seen in
concentrated inside the red
conditions such as iron
cells, such as autoimmune
deficiency anemia and
hemolytic anemia, in burn
thalassemia.
patients, and hereditary
spherocytosis, a rare
congenital disorder.

MCHC

Test

RDW

Full
Name

Examples of causes of low

result

RBC
Distribut Low value indicates
ion
uniformity in size of RBCs
Width

Reticulo
cytes
Reticulocyte
(absolut
count
e count
or %)

In the setting of anemia, a

low reticulocyte count
indicates a condition is
affecting the production of
red blood cells, such as bone
marrow disorder or damage,
or a nutritional deficiency
(iron, B12 or folate)

Examples of causes of high

result
Indicates mixed population of
small and large RBCs;
immature RBCs tend to be
larger. For example, in iron
deficiency anemia or
pernicious anemia, there is
high variation (anisocytosis)
in RBC size (along with
variation in shape
poikilocytosis), causing an
increase in the RDW.

In the setting of anemia, a

high reticulocyte count
generally indicates
peripheral cause, such as
bleeding or hemolysis, or
response to treatment (e.g.,
iron supplementation for iron
deficiency anemia)

Theplatelet countis the

number of platelets in a
person's sample of blood.

Mean platelet volume

(MPV) may be reported with a
CBC. It is a calculation of the
average size of platelets.

Platelet distribution
width (PDW) may also be

reported with a CBC. It is a

measurement of the variation
of platelet size.

 Platelet count :
140,000 to 450,000
/cubic mm
Mean platelet volume:
7.5 11.5 fL
Platelet distribution
width:
10% - 17.9%

Test
plt

Full
Name

examples of causes of low

result

examples of causes of
high result

Platelet
Count

Known as thrombocytopenia:
Viral infection
(mononucleosis,hepatitis)
Rocky mountain spotted
fever
Platelet autoantibody
Drugs (acetaminophen,
quinidine, sulfa drugs)
cirrhosis
Autoimmune disorders
Sepsis
Leukemia, lymphoma
Myelodysplasia
Chemo or radiation therapy

Know as thrombocytosis:
Cancer (lung,
gastrointestinal,lymphoma)
Rheumatoid arthritis,
inflammatory bowel
disease, lupus
Iron deficiency anemia
Hemolytic anemia
Myeloproliferative
disorder (e.g., essential
thrombocythemia)

Test

MPV

PDW

Full
Name

Examples of causes of
low result

Examples of causes of high

result

Mean
Platelet
Volume

Indicates average
size of platelets
is small; older
platelets are
generally
smaller than younger
ones
and a low MPV may
mean
that a condition is
affecting the
production of platelets
by the bone marrow.

Indicates a high number

of larger, younger platelets
in the blood; this may be
due to the bone marrow
producing and releasing
platelets rapidly into
circulation.

Platelet
Distributi
on Width

Indicates uniformity in
size of platelets

Indicates increased
variation in the size of the
platelets, which may mean
that a condition is present
that is affecting platelets

Reviewing clinical laboratory test

results about a patient's condition can
provide valuable information for
Diagnosis and management of
orofacial conditions
Guidance on assessing the patient's
ability to tolerate the proposed dental
treatment
A prognosis based on a particular
treatment

EVALUATION OF WBC
when a patient is being treated with
a medication that suppresses WBC
production (such as antineoplastic
agents), the patient is at a greater
risk for postoperative infection, and
dental treatment should be deferred
until the WBC result is back to
normal.

For

invasive dental treatment,

perioperative antibiotics are
indicated in patients with ANC
less than 1,000 cells/mm3in
order to minimize the risk of
infection. When the ANC falls
below 500 cells/mm3,
intravenous antimicrobial
therapy may be necessary to
prevent sepsis resulting from
invasive dental treatment.

EVALUATION OF RBC
Patients with polycythemia
may experience orthopnea in
the dental chair, dizziness,
headache, red facial coloring,
and dyspnea.
Hgb and Hct are necessary
parts of the assessment for
anemias and in patients with
burning mouth disorders and
aphthous stomatitis.
Differ routine dental
treatment in Patient with
severe anemia

EVALUATION OF PLATELETS
Bleeding disorders or
bone marrow diseases,
such healthcare provider
to determine as leukemia,
require the dental the
number of platelets
present and/or their ability
to function correctly prior
to invasive surgery.
Minor dentistry: counts
should be greater than
50,000/cubicmm