Hand - Tools Chap 5

Hand Tools
Industrial Tool Usage

Two categories
Hand tools
Machine tools
Importance of hand tools should not

be overlooked
Bench work includes operations of
inspecting, fitting, and assembling
Shop Tools and Technique
Two Classes of Hand

Tools
Non cutting
Cutting
Two Classes of Hand

Tools
Non cutting
Include vises, hammers,

screwdrivers, wrenches, pliers,
and etc.
Used basically for holding,
forming, assembling,
reassembling, destroying, or
dismantling parts
Bench Vise
Also Called Machinists Vise
Used to hold small work securely for
sawing, chipping, filing, polishing,
drilling, reaming, and tapping
Size determined by width of jaws
Bench Vise
Jaw caps made of
brass,
aluminum, or
copper to
protect the work
surface
from being marred
or
damaged
Solid or swivel base

Other Vises
Clamping Device
C-Clamp
Popular in Plant settings

2 to 12
Allows clamping two or
more items together or
clamping one item to
another
Clamping Device
Boiler Clamps
Heavy Duty
6 to 24
10
Hard Faced Hammers

Ball Peen
Peen: smaller, rounded

end
Used in riveting or
peening operations
Variety of sizes
11
Hard Faced Hammers

Sledge
Largest striking surface

Used in persuading or
nudging objects
Variety of sizes: head
mass range 1 to 12 lb
Smaller sizes used for

gentle persuasion
Larger sizes used for
serious business
12
Hard Faced Hammers

Claw type
Smaller striking surface

Claw end can be used
for prying nails and etc
Variety of sizes: head

mass range 10 oz to
22 oz
Smaller available with

ergonomic handles
13
Soft-Faced Hammers
Faces made of plastic
or rubber.
Plastic or rubber faced

hammers are fastened
to steel body and
replaced when worn
Used in assembling or
dismantling parts so
finished surface of work
not marred
14
Soft-Faced Hammers
Heads with replaceable faces made
of plastic or rubber
15
Soft-Faced Hammers
Heads made of rawhide,
aluminum, brass, copper,
copper/bronze or lead
Entire head made of

above material
Used in assembling or
dismantling parts so
finished surface of work
not marred
16
Soft-Faced Hammers
Heads with
replaceable section of
leather.
17
Soft-Faced Hammers
Dead Blow hammers
Filled with lead or steel shot

Do not bounce back or
rebound after striking
object
Do not lose shape and last
longer than lead hammers
18
Safety Precautions
When
Using
Hammer
1. Be surea
handle
is solid and not cracked
2. Be sure head is tight on handle and
secured with proper wedge to keep
handle expanded in head
3. Never use with greasy handle or when
your hands are greasy
4. Never strike two hammer faces
together
19
Screw drivers
Two most common types
Standard or flat blade

Blades for smaller make of round stock
Blades for larger often square for
leverage
Phillips
Different sizes and styles
Standard shank
Stubby shank
Offset
20
Regular Screwdrivers
Tip for use with slotted-type screw

Manufactured in various sizes
To suit various-sized slots in heads of

fasteners
21
Phillips Screwdrivers
Tip for use with Phillips-type screws

Manufactured in sizes: #1, #2, #3, #4
To suit various-sized recesses in heads of

fasteners
22
Torx Screwdrivers
shaped tip for use with Torx-type
recessed screw heads
Manufactured in assorted sizes
To suit various-sized recesses in heads

of fasteners
23
Square Head
Screwdrivers
Tip for use with Square-type screw
heads

of fasteners
24
Star Head Screwdrivers

Star shaped tip for use with Star-type
recessed screw heads

of fasteners
25
Allen Head
Screwdrivers
Tip for use with Allen-type screw

heads
26
Care of a Screwdriver
1. Choose correct size of screwdriver
for job
Too small, both screw recess and tip of

screwdriver may become damaged
2. Do not use screwdriver as pry bar,

chisel, or wedge
3. If tip or handle breaks or wears out,
replace the screwdriver
27
Wrenches
Many types used in machine shop

work
Each suited for specific purpose
Name derived from use, shape, or

construction
Most available in both inch and metric

measuring systems
28
Open-End Wrenches
Single-ended or double-ended
Openings usually offset at 15 angle
Permits turning nut or bolt head in

limited spaces by "flopping" wrench
Double-ended have different-size
opening at each end
29
Box-End Wrenches
Completely surround nut and useful in
close quarters where only small rotation
of nut can be obtained at one time
Box end has 4, 6, or 12 precisely cut
notches around inside face
Notches fit closely over points on outside of

nut
Have different sizes at each end
30
Combination Wrenches
Box end at one end
Open end at other
May have socket attached as one end
Wide variety available
31
Line Wrenches
Also referred to as Flared
nut wrenches
Six point construction
One section of wrench

head removed to enable
the head to encircle a
flared nut with a line or
tube running through it.
32
Spud Wrenches
Similar to box or
open end
wrenches
Only one end has

a wrench head
Other end used
as an alignment
tool
33
Striking End Wrenches

Box or open end
wrenches
Only one end has

a wrench head
Other end used as
an striking surface
34
Torque Wrenches
Specialized wrenches for tightening
nuts and bolts to specifications
Beam Type
Dial Type
Digital Type
Clicker Type
35
Torque Wrenches
Beam
Types
36
Torque Wrenches
Dial
Type
37
Torque Wrenches
Digital
Type
38
Torque Wrenches
Clicker
Types
39
Torque Wrenches
3/8 Drive will measure 25-250 inchpounds

3/8 Drive will measure 10-75 footpounds
1/2 Drive will measure 20-150 footpounds
40
Torque Wrenches
Clicker
Type
41
Sockets
Size of Drives
inch
drive
General purpose
inch drive
Light duty
General Purpose
inch drive and above
Industrial Applications
42
Sockets
Six Point
Eight Point
Twelve Point
43
Sockets
Regular
General purpose
Impact
Heavy duty
Industrial
44
Socket Accessories
Universal Joints
Various
Adapters
45
Sockets
Torx Head
Internal
Specialty
Hex Head
Torx Head External
Flare Nut Crows Foot
46
Socket Drivers
Rachets
47
Sockets Adjuncts
Extensions
48
Socket Accessories
Speeder Bar
Breaker Bar
Breaker Bar
49
Adjustable Wrenches
May be adjusted to within certain range
to fit several sizes of nuts or bolt heads
Useful for odd-size nuts or when proper
size not available
Can slip when not properly adjusted to flats

of nut
50
Pipe Wrenches
Made of Cast Iron, Aluminum, or Beryllium/Copper
Used to loosen or tighten pipe connections
6 to 48
51
Allen Setscrew
Wrenches
Commonly called
hex keys
Hexagonal fits into
recesses of
socket head
setscrews and
capscrews
52
Allen Setscrew
Wrenches
53
Pin Spanner Wrenches

Specialized wrenches supplied by
machine tool manufacturer for use on
specific machines
Supplied in various sizes
54

Fixed-face spanners position in two
fixed location holes on face of special
nut or threaded fitting on machine
55

Adjustable-face spanners adjust to
various positions of two holes on face of
special nut or threaded fitting on
machine
56

Hook-pin spanner used on
circumference of round nut
Pin of spanner fits into hole in periphery of

nut
57
Strap Wrenches
Specialized
wrenches for use
on pipe or large
tubing
Supplied in
various sizes
58
Chain Wrenches
Specialized wrenches for use on pipe
or large tubing
Supplied in various sizes
Similar to the Strap wrenches
59
Hints on Using
Wrenches
1. Always select wrench that fits nut or
bolt properly
Dont use inch on metric or vice versa
2. Pull rather than push on wrench

3. Always be sure nut is fully seated in
wrench jaw
Misalignment will cause slippage
4. Use wrench in same plane as nut or

bolt head
60
Pliers
Useful for gripping and holding small
parts for certain machining operations
or when assembling parts
Many types and sizes
Names by shape, function or
construction
61
Types of Pliers
Combination or slip-joint pliers
Adjustable to grip both large and small work

Grip work when small holes must be drilled
or for bending or twisting light, thin materials
62
Types of Pliers
Side-cutting pliers
Used mainly for cutting, gripping, and

bending of small diameter (1/8 in. or less)
rods or wires
63
Types of Pliers
Channel-Locks
Available in variety of
sizes
Useful for holding just
about anything,
loosening and tightening
about anything, and
about anything else you
can think of.
64
Types of Pliers
Needle-nose pliers
Available in both straight- and bent-nose

types
Useful for holding very small parts,
positioning them in hard-to-get-at places
and bending wire
65
Types of Pliers
Snap Ring pliers
External Type shown

Used to remove or install external snap
rings
66
Types of Pliers
Snap Ring pliers
Internal Type shown

Used to remove or install internal snap
rings.
67
Types of Pliers
Vise-grip pliers
Extremely high
gripping power
because of adjustable
lever action
Many different styles
standard jaws, needle

jaws and C-clamp jaws
68
Hints on Using Pliers

1. Never use pliers instead of wrench
2. Never attempt to cut large-diameter
or heat-treated material with pliers
3. Always keep pliers clean and
lubricated
69
Two Classes of Hand

Tools
Noncutting
Cutting
70
Two Classes of Hand

Tools
Cutting
Include saws, grinders, files, and etc.

Used to separate, part, trim, or divide
parts
71
Sawing, Filing and

Scraping
Often necessary to perform certain
metal-cutting operations at bench or on
job
Common tools
Hacksaws
Files
Scrapers
72
Pistol-Grip Hand
Hacksaw
Solid frame rigid and will accommodate

blades of one specific length
Adjustable frame more common and
will take blades from 10 to 12 in. long
Wing nut provides adjustment

73
Hacksaw Blades
High-Carbon Steel Blades
Short lasting
Blades relatively soft
Blade wears quickly

Inexpensive
High-Speed Molybdenum or Tungstenalloy Steel Blades
Long lasting
Blades with hardened and tempered teeth

74
Hacksaw Blades
Two types
Solid blade (all-hard)
Hardened throughout and very brittle
Flexible blade
Teeth hardened, while back of blade

soft and flexible
Stand more abuse than all-hard blade,
but will not last long in general use
Used on channel iron, tubing, copper
and aluminum
75
Blade Pitch
Number of teeth per inch
Manufactured in various pitches
14, 18, 24, and 32
General use choice 18 in. tooth blade

Choose as coarse blade as possible
Provides plenty of chip clearance and to cut through

work as quickly as possible
Should have at least two teeth in contact with

work at all times
Prevent work from jamming and stripping teeth

76
Guide for Proper Blade

Selection
77

Selection
78

Selection
79

Selection
80
Files
Hand cutting tool made of high-carbon
steel
Series of teeth cut on body by parallel
chisel cuts
Used to remove surplus metal and to
produce finished surfaces
Manufactured in variety of types and
shapes
Two classes: single-cut and double-cut
81
Single-cut Files
Single row of parallel teeth
running diagonally across face
Used when smooth finish desired
Include mill, long-angle lathe, and saw
files
82
Double-cut Files
Two intersecting rows of teeth
First row coarser and called overcut

Second row called upcut
Hundreds of cutting teeth
Provides for fast removal of metals and

easy clearing of chips
83
Degrees of Coarseness
Both single- and double-cut files come
in various degrees
of coarseness
Rough
Coarse
Bastard
Second-cut
Smooth
Dead smooth
Most Common
84
Machinist Files
Types most commonly used in shop
Flat
Hand
Round
Half-round
Square
Pillar
Three-quarter
Warding
Knife
85
Cross-sectional Views of
Shop Files
86
Care of Files
1. Do not store files where they rub
together
Dont throw into drawer with other files
2. Never use file as pry of hammer

3. Do not knock file on vise or other
metallic object to clean it
Use brush or file card
4. Apply pressure only on forward stroke

87
Care of Files
5. Do not press too hard on new file
Too much pressure also results in

"pinning" which scratches work
surface
Small particles get wedged between
teeth of file and clog it up
88
Rotary Files
Teeth cut and form broken lines
Dissipate heat of friction
Useful for work on tough die steels,
forgings, and scaly surfaces
89
Ground Burrs
Teeth uniform in tooth shape and size
Unbroken flutes
Flutes machine ground to master burr to
ensure uniformity of tooth shape and size
May be made of high-speed steel or

carbide
Carbide last up to 100 times

longer
90

Hand - Tools Chap 5

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Hand - Tools Chap 5

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Hand Tools

Industrial Tool Usage

Importance of hand tools should not

Shop Tools and Technique

Two Classes of Hand

Shop Tools and Technique

Two Classes of Hand

Include vises, hammers,

Shop Tools and Technique

Shop Tools and Technique

Shop Tools and Technique

Solid or swivel base

Shop Tools and Technique

Popular in Plant settings

Shop Tools and Technique

Shop Tools and Technique

Hard Faced Hammers

Peen: smaller, rounded

Shop Tools and Technique

Hard Faced Hammers

Largest striking surface

Smaller sizes used for

Shop Tools and Technique

Hard Faced Hammers

Smaller striking surface

Variety of sizes: head

Smaller available with

Plastic or rubber faced

Shop Tools and Technique

Entire head made of

Shop Tools and Technique

Filled with lead or steel shot

Shop Tools and Technique

Standard or flat blade

Different sizes and styles

Tip for use with slotted-type screw

To suit various-sized slots in heads of

Shop Tools and Technique

Tip for use with Phillips-type screws

To suit various-sized recesses in heads of

Shop Tools and Technique

To suit various-sized recesses in heads

Shop Tools and Technique

To suit various-sized recesses in heads

Shop Tools and Technique

Star Head Screwdrivers

To suit various-sized recesses in heads

Shop Tools and Technique

Tip for use with Allen-type screw

Shop Tools and Technique

Too small, both screw recess and tip of

2. Do not use screwdriver as pry bar,

Many types used in machine shop

Name derived from use, shape, or

Most available in both inch and metric

Shop Tools and Technique

Permits turning nut or bolt head in

Shop Tools and Technique

Notches fit closely over points on outside of

Have different sizes at each end

Shop Tools and Technique

May have socket attached as one end