Real-Time Control Strategy

for Long-term Peak Shaving Operating of

MW-scale Battery Energy Storage System

2014. 5. 19.
Su-bin Son

Contents
1. Introduction
2. Real-Time Operating Strategy of SMP Shaving
2.1 BESS Differential Equation Model in terms of SOC
2.2 Long-term SMP Shaving Algorithm
2.3 Real-Time Module Implementation of SMP Shaving

3. Simulation and Result (Application of RT Mode Simulator)

4. Conclusion

1. Introduction

Due to rapid advancement of industry, energy demand is surging.

Because of this problem, the world are experiencing lack of resources and environmental pol
lution.
The need for an engineering solution.

As a solution of these problems, energy storage devices are spotlighted.

BESS (Battery Energy Storage System) :

By using the stored energy which was produced unnecessarily, this device improves the ener
gy use efficiency and renewable energy availability.
It can stabilize the power system.

Depending on discharge cycle, applicability of energy storage devices can be separated

long-term cycle and short-term cycle.

The main purpose of long-term operating is energy-time shift. It conjugate energy storage d
evices as an energy resources. For this purpose, it usually has a long charge time and dischar
ging time of one cycle per day.

1. Introduction
PMS (Power Management Systems)

PMS

Longterm

Load Leveling,
Peak Shaving
Security
Enhancement,
Loss Minimization,
Load Shedding
Minimization

Shortterm

Relieve Renewable
Fluctuation

BESS

: Fundamental
: Additional

System stabilization,
Frequency
stabilization

1. Introduction

The discussed peak shaving algorithm in this paper is loaded in the PMS of the BESS instal
led at the substation in Jocheon, Je-ju Province. This paper was also used to prove the act
ual operation adequacy of the algorithm.

However, in real-time operation, the status and SoC (State of Charge) information of eac
h applicable PCS module is needed to be considered in order to rerun discharge strategy
needed for peak shaving.

In this case, the peak shaving algorithm operation that progresses with time, the range is
reduced gradually which results to maximizing the profits that establishes wrong discharg
ing strategies.

This paper developed a suitable economic model for real time operation that controls pre
dictions based on real time peak shaving modules. This would also explain the results of u
sing this module in RT (Real Time) Mode Simulator.

2.1 BESS Differential Equation Model in te

6
rms of SoC

Rc

Resistance for the loss in the loading condition

Rs1,Rs2

Loss term in the DC system side

Cs

Series capacitor in the battery system

Rp

Self discharging of the battery

Vdco

Open circuit DC voltage

<Equivalent BESS Model>

To determine charging and discharging scheduling of BESS for long-term cycle operatio
n, a certain model for BESS is needed, which explains the behavior for the given chargi
ng and discharging actions by the PCS in the system.
The most important thing in the model is the characteristic of SoC.

Through the observation of the above equivalent circuit from the viewpoint of the chan
ge of SoC during operation, the following differential equation can be obtained.

2.1 BESS Differential Equation Model in

terms of SoC

EB(k)

State of charge at k

PB(k)

Power output at the point of k

Long-term time unit(30 min.)

Loss coefficient due to Rc

Loss coefficient due to Rs1 and Rs2

Self discharge coefficient due to Rp

<Equivalent BESS Model>

Discharge differential equation

The above equation is appropriate including physical limits of BESS (Battery Energy Stor
age System), because the equation expressed long-term charging and discharging focu
sing on the change of SOC

2.2 Long-term SMP-shaving Algorithm

The information from each point of the system marginal price (SMP) is applied in order
to minimize the price of the purchased power using the algorithm in the real time simul
ator.

Algorithm for the energy-time shift using the SMP information of the applicable point.
N

min C ( k ) PL (k )
k M

s.t.PL (k ) PL (k ) PB (k )

C(k)

Electricity price at the time k

EB (k 1) (1 ) EB ( k ) (1 m )(1 m ) PB (k ) T

PL(k)

Shaved load level at the time k

PB min PB (k ) PB max

PL(k)

Scale-downed load level at time period of k

EB ( M 1) EBo

PB(k)

Battery power output at the time of k

k M ,L , N

EB(k)

SoC (State of Charge) at the time of k

EB min EB (k ) EB max

2.2 Long-term SMP-shaving Algorithm

Objective function

min C (k ) PL (k )
k M

Constraints

s.t.PL (k ) PL (k ) PB (k )

C(k)

EB (k 1) (1 ) EB (k ) (1 m )(1 m ) PB (k ) T PL(k)
PB min PB (k ) PB max
EB min EB (k ) EB max
EB ( M 1) EBo
k M ,L , N

min C (k ) PL (k:) Objective

k M

PL (k ) PL (k ) PB (:k )The

: Battery
PB min PB (k ) PB max

: Constraint
EB min EB (k ) EB max

PL(k)

Scale-downed load level at time period of k

PB(k)

Battery power output at the time of k

EB(k)

SoC (State of Charge) at the time of k

difference of load and battery discharge power at the time of k

EB (k 1) (1 ) EB (k ) (1 m )(1 m ) PB: (Discharge

k ) T

differential equation

discharge power is in the range of minimum and maximum value

for inhibiting over-charging and over-discharging of battery

: Initial SoC at the point of starting scheduling

EB ( M 1) EBo

k M ,L , N:

Shaved load level at the time k

function to minimize the cost of power purchase using SMP information

Electricity price at the time k

Starting point and endpoint of scheduling

2.3 Real-Time Module Implementation of

10
SMP Shaving

In the whole-sale power market in Korea, a set of SMP signals is decided and provided for
the expected load curve of the system next day, so SMP signals are fixed for the day.

However, the method for settlement is somewhat more complicated, but SMP is regarde
d as the reference.

In the real time operation of SMP-based shaving, uncertainty stems from the change of c
oefficients in the equivalent circuit of BESS depending on the operating point and the sta
tus of battery modules in operation and hence there might be the difference between th
e expected and real changes in SoC
Therefore, it is desirable that the information on SoC of each PCS module needs to be ca
ptured and used in the scheduling determination.

2.3 Real-Time Module Implementation of

11
SMP Shaving

SMP signals are given once for one day, so the total scheduling period gets shorter as tim
e goes by.

For the later part of one day scheduling, unwanted actions might be taken as mentioned
above. Thus the total scheduling period would be kept unchanged.
Before the next set of SMP is given, the SMP signals of the previous periods are attached
to the back side of the signals of the now and later periods.

Then the strategies can be in the category of economic model predictive control

The new current point

Second scheduling

12345

47 48

First scheduling
< Scheduling Optimization of Real-Time Simulator >

The concept introduction of

Economic Model Predictive
Control (EMPC)

3. Simulation and Result

12

In this simulation, I applied real-time SMP shaving algorithm to RT mode simulator and u
sed the information of Je-ju island. RT(Real-Time) mode simulator applied to test real time S
MP shaving algorithm is a program which can simulate the real time operating module of PMS
.

<Input Load Data>

<Input SMP Data>

Above left side of figure illustrates one example of SMP signals for the shaving. In the power
market of Korea, SMP for each hour is determined and hence 24 data are provided for the nex
t day operation. For the SMP-based shaving, the SMP data set is converted into that with 48 d
ata points, and also one set of scaled load demand with the same data points is given to the P
MS for the operation of the BESS.

The other side of figure shows one example of load data in Je-ju island.

3. Simulation and Result

13

Output of Real-Time Simulator : Pbat, SoC, Benefit Curve

Discharge Differential Equation

Loss Coefficient : 0.05 : 0.025 : 0

Initial value of SOC : 2.4MWh

<Pbat, SoC, Benefit>

Pbat : Active power output of BESS

(-) : The state of the battery charging, SoC increase(90~150)

(+) : The state of the battery charging, SoC decrease(600~660)

Benefit : Accumulated gain in using SMP shaving algorithm

Benefit is changed by Pbat, SMP at the point of corresponding, and interval time unit 1/30
hour of RT (Real Time) mode.
In this simulation, the accumulated gain at the end point is 459.937[kWon]

3. Simulation and Result

14

Output of Real-Time Simulator : Scaled Load, Cut Load Curve

Scaled Load :
The load curve is scaled down so that
BESS located the portion can afford the
load
Cut Load :
The curve is applied charge and discharge
strategy (Change of Pbat) using real time
SMP shaving.
<Scaled Load, Cut Load>

In this paper, the purpose of SMP shaving is not to minimize the peak load but to minimize t
he cost of power purchase.

These simulations are the results of applying optimization used concept of economic model
predict control (EMPC) to conduct the most economical BESS charge and discharge scheduli
ng at its real time operating point depending on input load curve and SMP data.

4. Conclusion

15

This paper presents a method of long-term cycle control strategies for a l

arge-scale battery energy storage system (BESS).

The main focus of this paper is to apply the BESS to system margin price
(SMP) based shaving.

This operation mode is to perform one of energy time shift, maximizing t

he benefit obtained from the difference upper and lower SMPs.

This paper includes examples illustrating the performance of the algorith

m with real SMP signals with a developed real-time operation simulator.

In the test-bed, several transmission & distribution functions with the BE

SS are now being tested and diverse issues were identified.

In the near future, we could report the testing results for verification of t
he algorithm.

16

Thank you.

17

Additional Material

When starting point is not 1 but 31

(in 1-48 data)

In the left side, 1~270 mean 1 day,

271~720 mean the next day.

Benefit is 486.0312[kWon] in 31~

48
(RT mode period : 1~270)