AIRCRAFT AND JET PROPULSION

SYSTEMS

- By:
RATAN KUMAR ROUT
REGD NO.:-1221225081
SEM:-8TH
BRANCH:-MECHANICAL

Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

History of Jet Engines

Introduction
Parts Of Jet Engine
How A Jet Engine works
Types Of Jet Engine
5.1 Ramjet
5.2 Turbojet
5.3 Turbofan
5.4 Turboprop
5.5 Turboshaft

Continued . . .
6. Jet Engine Vs Rockets
7. Scramjets
8. Suggestion For Improvement
9. Merits And Demerits
10. Conclusion
11. Future Vision
12. Bibliography

1.History Of Jet Engines

The first jet engine was built by

Egyptian scientists during 100

B.C.
The device was known as Aeolipile

and used steam power directed

through two nozzles to cause a
sphere to spin rapidly on its axis
It was not used for supplying

mechanical power and was simply

considered a curiosity
Dr.

Hans von Ohain and Sir

Frank Whittle were the pioneers
behind todays jet engines.

2.Introduction

The term jet engine loosely refers to an Internal Combustion Air

Breathing Jet Engine (a duct engine). These typically consist of an
engine with a rotary (rotating) air compressor powered by a
turbine ("Brayton cycle"), with the leftover power providing thrust
via a propelling nozzle.

Jet engine is nothing but a Gas turbine.

It works under the principle of Newtons third law which states

that For every acting force there is an equal and opposite force.

BRAYTON CYCLE
1-2 Isentropic
compression
(in a compressor)
2-3 Constant pressure
heat
addition
3-4 Isentropic
expansion
(in a turbine)
4-1 Constant pressure
heat
rejection

3.Parts Of Jet Engine

FAN
COMPRESSOR
COMBUSTOR
TURBINE
MIXER
NOZZLE

4.How A Jet Engine

Works ?
Jet engines propels an aircraft forward with a great force

which is produced by a tremendous thrust from them, hence

allowing the plane to fly.

Continued . . .
Air Intake
sucked in by the
compressor

Compressor
series of vanes and stators.
The vanes rotate, while the

stator remains stationary.

compressor speed and
temperature increases
gradually

Fuel Burner
Fuel is mixed with the air,

and electric sparks light

the mixture causing it to
combust.

Combustion Chamber
The air is burnt along with
fuel.
Hence increasing the
temperature and pressure
of the air inside the engine.

Continued..
Turbine

Works like a windmill

The blades gain energy from the hot
gases moving past them.
This movement is used to power the
compressor.

Jet Pipe and Propelling Nozzle

The hot air rushes out of the nozzle.
high pressure
Hot air rushes out at very high speed

5. Types Of Jet Engines

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Ramjet
Turbojet
Turbofan
Turboprop
Turbo shaft

5.1 Ramjet

It has no moving parts.

Its compression ratio depends
forward
speed.

on

They consist of three sections; an

inlet to compressed oncoming air, a
combustor to inject and combust
fuel, and a nozzle
Require a relatively high speed to
efficiently compress the oncoming
air.
They are most efficient at supersonic
speeds, It has no static thrust

guided-missile systems,
vehicles use this type of jet

Space

5.2 Turbojet
The turbojet engine is a reaction
engine.
A turbojet engine works by
compressing air with an inlet and
a compressor, mixing fuel with
the compressed air, burning the
mixture in the combustor, and
then passing the hot, high
pressure air through a turbine and
a nozzle
Substantial increases in thrust
can be obtained by employing an
afterburner

Used in fighter planes, and were

Recent Turbojet Engine

The Rolls-Royce/Snecma Olympus 593 was

a reheated (afterburning) turbojet which

powered the supersonic airliner Concorde.
General characteristics
Type: Turbojet
Length: 4039 mm (159 in)
Diameter: 1212 mm (47.75 in)
Dry weight: 3175 kg (7,000 lb)

5.3 Turbofan

A turbofan engine is a gas turbine

engine that is very similar to a
turbojet.
Turbofans
differ
from
turbojets as they have an additional
component, a fan

The objective of this sort of bypass

system is to increase thrust without
increasing fuel consumption.
It achieves this by increasing the total
air-mass flow and reducing the
velocity within the same total energy
supply.

ANIMATION OF AIR FLOW IN TURBOFAN ENGINE

5.4 Turboprop
A turboprop engine is a jet
engine
attached
to
a
propeller.
Majority of their thrust is
from the propeller, though
hot-jet
exhaust
is
an
important design point, and
maximum thrust is obtained
by
matching
thrust
contributions
of
the
propeller to the hot jet.
Modern turboprop engines
are equipped with propellers
that
have
a
smaller
diameter
but
a
larger
number
of
blades
for
efficient operation at much

5.5 Turboshaft
Turboshaft engines are very

similar to turboprops, differing in

that nearly all energy in the
exhaust is extracted to spin the
rotating shaft.
They therefore generate little to

no jet thrust.
It does not drive a propeller and

provides power for a helicopter

rotor.
It permits the rotor speed to be

kept constant even when the

speed of the generator is varied .

6. Jet Engines Vs
Rockets
Jet Engine
Oxygen from atmosphere for
combustion

Rockets
Carry their own oxygen for
combustion

Work only in atmosphere

Work in vacuum and atmosphere

Liquid fuel

liquid or solid fuel

High Specific Impulse

Low Specific Impulse

Complex Structure

Simple Structure

High Efficiency

Low Efficiency

7.Scramjets
A scramjet (supersonic

combustion ramjet) is a variant

of a ramjet airbreathing
jet engine in which combustion
takes place in supersonic
airflow.
The scramjet is composed of
three basic components: a
converging inlet, where
incoming air is compressed and
decelerated; a combustor,
where gaseous fuel is burned
with atmospheric oxygen to
produce heat; and a diverging
nozzle, where the heated air is
accelerated to produce thrust.

8. Suggestion For Improvement

Employ active cooling
Designing better materials and alloys which retain their

strength at high temperatures

Smart structures Structure and material which change

their shapes and properties in flight.

Design engines which switch from scramjets to ramjets.

9. Merits And Demerits

Merits of Jet Engine
over IC Engine

Mechanical efficiency of
jet engine is high as
compared to IC engine.

Demerits Of Jet Engines

Over IC engine

Weight and speed of jet

engine per HP developed is

higher than IC engine.

Ignition

and lubricating
systems are much simpler
in jet engine than IC
engine.

Thermal efficiency of Jet

engine is low compared to IC
engine
Difficult to start
Turbine blades need a special
cooling system due high
temperature

10. Conclusion
Normal type of jet engine is used for domestic purpose i.e.

Traveling, carrying goods etc.

Ram and scram type of jet engines used in only in Defence

sector. Because it travels at supersonic speed and generally

high level of training is required.

Since it travels at such a speed it is can not used for

traveling and hence turbofan engines are used.

Lot of improvement and scope exists to maximize efficiency
of the engines.

11. Future Vision

Aircraft with:
Decreased gross lift off weight
> Smaller facilities & easier handling
Leading to higher safety
Flights can be aborted, whiles the vehicle glides back to earth
Missions can be more flexible
Wider range of emergency landing sites for intact abort

12. Bibliography
Books referred
Elements of Propulsion , Gas turbines and rockets- Jack.D.Mattingly
Aircraft propulsion and gas turbine engines- Ahmed F.El sayed
Basic and applied thermodynamics-P.K.Nag
Internal combustion engines- Mathur and Sharma
Ultimate visual dictionary D.K. publications
Internet links
http://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/flight/modern/turbine.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_engine
http:// www.google.com
http:// www.boeing.com
http:// www.jet engine.com
http://www.nasa.gov