CHAPTER 1 :

SCIENTIFIC
INVESTIGATION

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1.1 METHOD OF SCIENTIFIC

INVESTIGATION
STEPS INVOLVED IN A
SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION

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IDENTIFYING THE PROBLEMS

Problems are questions raised from ones
curiosity about a phenomenon or an
observation in his/her surroundings. For
example, what makes a bulb light up
brighter?

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IDENTIFYING THE VARIABLES

Variables are factors involved in a
scientific investigation. The variable that
you change is called manipulated variable.
The responding variable is what you
observe or measure to obtain results.
Factors that are not changed are called
constant variables.
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FORMING A HYPOTHESIS

A hypothesis is a statement that can be

tested. It shows the relationship between
the manipulated variable and the
responding variable. For example, if more
batteries are used then the bulb becomes
brighter.

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PLANNING THE INVESTIGATION

Planning the investigation is very
important so that the hypothesis could be
tested. This involves the following :
Identifying the materials and apparatus
used.
Determining the procedure which includes
what to observe or what to measure in the
investigation.
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CARRYING OUT THE INVESTIGATION

Carry out the investigation according to
the procedures as planned earlier.

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COLLECTING DATA
Collect and record data based on the
observations or measurements. The data
should be collected and organised
systematically.

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ANALYSING AND INTERPRETING DATA

Analyse the data to look for any patterns
or trends. Patterns can become obvious if
you organise your data in the form of
graph, table or chart. It helps to interpret
the data collected.

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DRAWING CONCLUSION
Based on the analysis and interpretation
of data, a conclusion is drawn to accept or
reject the hypothesis.

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WRITING A REPORT
A report of a scientific investigation should
contain the following items :
Purpose a statement about the problem
Hypothesis a suggested answer to the
problem
Variables manipulated variable, responding
variable and constant variable.
Materials and apparatus used
Procedure Steps used in the investigation
Data collection Observations or
measurements of the experiment.
Analysis and interpretation of data.
Conclusion a statement that accepts or
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rejects the hypothesis.
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THE IMPORTANCE OF A SCIENTIFIC

INVESTIGATION
Scientific investigations are important
because they encourage us to :
1) think scientifically
2) do work systematically
3) evaluate the information that we
receive
without any biasness
4) think critically and analytically
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1.2 REALISING THE NEED TO

PRACTISE SCIENTIFIC
ATTITUDES AND NOBLE
VALUES WHEN CARRYING
OUT SCIENTIFIC
INVESTIGATIONS.
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The scientific attitudes and noble values

are as follow :
Having an interest and curiosity towards
the environment.
Being honest and accurate in recording and
validating data.
Being diligent and persevering.
Being responsible about the safety of
oneself,
others, and the environment.
Realising that science is a means to
understand
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nature.
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 Appreciating and practising clean and

healthy
living.
Appreciating the balance of nature.
Being respectful and well-mannered.
Appreciating the contribution of science and
technology.
Being thankful to God.
Having critical and analytical thinking.
Being flexible and open-minded.
Being kind-hearted and caring.
Being objective.
Being systematic.
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Being cooperative.

Being fair and just.

Dare to try.
Thinking rationally.
Being confident and independent.

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