Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Sistematika:
A. Tujuan
B. Sejarah
C. Metode
What is an Ethnography?
Where is it Used?
Cultural Anthropology
Sociology
Business
Organizational Psychology
Tujuan
Menjelaskan (fenomena yang menarik), pada suatu
waktu dan tempat
Memberikan gambaran yang lebih nyata, yang
biasanya tidak teramati (Williams, 2000)
Mencoba menjelaskan perilaku/fenomena dari sudut
pandang populasi (Viller, 2004, McCleverty, 1997,
Fetterman, 1998)
Memahami konteks, komprehensifitas dan proses
sosial (Warren, 2004)
History of
Anthropology/Ethnography (USA)
Lewis Henry
Morgan
Lawyer and
anthropologist
In 1851 he published
an ethnography about
Indians in the USA. He
didn't gather the
information himselfwas a sofa
anthropologist
(usually called arm
chair anthropologist)
Malinowskis Methods
I consider that only such ethnographic sources are of
unquestionable scientific value, in which we can clearly draw
the line between, on the one hand, the results of direct
observations and of native statements and interpretations,
and on the other hand, the inferences of the author, based
on his common sense and psychological insight
(Malinowski, 1922, p. 3)
Evans-Pritchards
Methodology
Malinowskis student
Did research among the
Azande 1926-1930
1930 published his
ethnography Witchcraft,
oracles, and magic among the
Azande
Used informants
Native language
Length of stay 1-2 years
Get to know natives through
the children
Live like the natives (EvansPritchard, 1988)
a set of culturally
constructed and historically
specific guides, frames, or
models of and for human
feeling, intention, and action
(Ortner 1999: 137)
Specific to time and place (i.e.
cultural relativism)
Opposed to power and
politics. [C]ulture is not
power, something to which
social events, behaviours,
institutions, or processes can
be causally attributed; it is a
context, something within
which they can be intelligiblythat is, thicklydescribed( Geertz 1973:14)
Opposed to the thin
description of post-positivism
Methodology
Outline of Process
Identifying problem or topic of interest
Fieldwork Data collection and analysis
Participant Observation Individuals and
groups
Analysis Holistic
Report (Fetterman, 1998)
Methodology
Ethnographers Jargon
Edward T Hall
TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE
Emic local knowledge: how people
think, perceive, categorize the world; what
has meaning in their world-the natives point
of view
Etic -- shift focus from the native's point of
view to that of the anthropologist
Methodology
Characteristics of Ethnographies
Holistic
Data collection and analysis occur
together
Data collection oscillates between
individuals and groups (Fetterman, 1998)
Methodology
Fieldwork (Morse and
Richards, 2002),
(Fetterman, 1998)
Stages
Negotiating entry the
Gatekeeper, Key
Actors, Key Informants
Introductory period
routines, roles,
relationships
Participatory
observation
important! (Hall, 2003)
Fieldwork
living with people for an extended time to gather data
using a variety of field techniques for collecting that
data
fieldwork & field techniques developed in the study of
smaller scale societies with greater cultural uniformity
compared to large-scale industrial societies
Before Fieldwork
Field Equipment
Methodology
Fieldwork Methods
Selection and sampling
Participant observation
Interviewing
Autobiographical interviewing
Questionnaires
Projective techniques
Participants classification
Outcropping
Existing documented information
Proxemics and kinesics
Folktales
Notes, notes, notes!!! (Fetterman, 1998)
Methodolog
y
Analysis
Evaluating relevance
Looking for patterns
Considering phenomena through the cultural
perspective
Thick description (Morse and Richards, 2002)
Classifications, parameters, etic observations
Maps, drawings, charts (Fetterman, 1998)
Methodology
A few words on writing
Writing must be good from the field notes
to the final product
Write for your audience
Write for the objective to make the etic
perspective see the emic perspective
Disadvantages of
Ethnographic
Research
Time
For example,
Margaret Meads spent a year in Samoa conducting
research for her famous work, Coming of Age in Samoa
(Rosenthal 124)
http://www.answers.com/topic/margaret-mead
Financial
Some ethnographic methods can be costly
The Focus Group
a group discussion that concentrates on particular issues
or a basic question or problem
Discussion guided by a moderator who is compensated
Participants may be compensated
(Rosenthal 167)
Hawthorne Effect
Human subjects behave in special ways because they know they
are subjects of an investigation
Interpreter Bias
(Rosenthal 128)
Observer Bias
refers
(Rosenthal 129)
Confidentiality
(Powell 181)