Software Computer

Programs

Computers do exactly what you tell

them to do. This is often quite
different from what you meant to
tell them to do.

Programming

What is programming?

Creation of order
Planning or scheduling the performance
of a task

What is computer programming?

The process of specifying the data

types and the operations for a
computer to apply to data in order to
solve a problem.

Data and Information

Information

any knowledge that can be communicated.

Data
information in a form the computer can use
comes in different forms : letters, words,
integer numbers, real numbers, dates, times,
coordinates on a map etc.
Each type of data is said to have a specific data
type

Computer program

Data type specifications and

instructions for carrying out
operations that are used by a
computer to solve a problem

How do we write a
Program?
PROBLEM-SOLVING PHASE

IMPLEMENTATION PHASE

Analysis and
specification

General solution

Concrete solution
(program)

(algorithm)
Test
verify
Maintenance phase

Programming Language

Set of rules, symbols and special words used

to construct a computer program

Simplified form of English ( with math symbols)

that adheres to a strict set of grammatical
rules

Why not translate from English directly into

instructions for the computer?

Too complicated
Too ambiguous

Other terms

Coding

Running code

Execution of code

Debugging

Translating an algorithm into a programming

language

Determining what is wrong with a program

and modifying it, or the algorithm, to fix it.

Implementation

Coding and testing of an algorithm

Differences in
implementation
Johns Java code
PROBLEM

Johns C++ code

Johns Pascal code

Algorithm
Peters Java code
Marys Java code
Simons Java code

Programming shortcut: More time spent debugging

and revising program

Think first and code later!

Programmers who pay close attention

to their programs by checking them
before running them actually spend
significantly less time producing
successful programs. In contrast
those programmers who simply write
a program and then run it to see
what it does spend more time.

How is a program converted

into a form that a computer
can What
use?is the form of data that the
computer uses?

All data is converted into a set of

binary codes, strings of 1s and 0s
Binary codes are distinguished by the
manner in which the computer uses
them.
Machine language

Machine language to Highlevel languages

Machine language

made up binary-coded instructions used directly by

the computer
tedious and error prone
programs were difficult to read and modify

Assembly language
Low-level programming language in which a
mnemonic is used to represent each of the machine
language instructions for a particular computer
Assembly Language Machine Language
ADD 100101
SUB 010011

Machine language to Highlevel languages

Assembly language

Computer not able to process instructions

directly hence a program, written in machine
language, was used to translate from assembly
language to machine language: Assembler
Easier for humans to use than machine
language however programmers still forced to
think in terms of individual machine instructions

High-level languages

Closer to English, and other natural languages,

than assembly and machine languages.

PROBLEM SOLVING TECHNIQUES

HUMAN
THOUGHT

ALGORITHMS
PSEUDOCODE
JAVA

NATURAL LANGUAGE

HIGH LEVEL
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
pro

ble
m

COMPILER
MACHINE CODE

Converting a high-level
language to machine
language
Compiler

Source code

Data type specifications and instructions written

in a high-level programming language

Object code

A program that translates a program written in a

high-level language into machine code

A machine language version of a source code

Bytecode

A standard machine language into which Java

source code is compiled

Windows PC
Running JVM
Java program

Java
Compiler

Java
Bytecode

UNIX Workstation
Running JVM
Macintiosh
Running JVM

Java compiler produces Bytecode that can be run on any machine with the JVM

Java Virtual Machine (JVM) a program that serves as a language

interpreter

Bytecode is the machine language for the JVM

Program
running

Java
JVM
Bytecode Running on X

INTERPRETATION

Machine
Language for
machine X

Type of instructions

Reflect the operations a computer can perform

A computer can

transfer data from one place to another

receive input from and input device and write it to
an output device
compare data values for equality or inequality
perform arithmetic operations
branch to a different section of the instructions

Programming languages require control

structures to express algorithms as source
code.

Sequence

Statement

Selection

Statement

True

Statement

Statement1

Condition
False

Statement2

Selection
False

Condition
True

Statement1

Subprogram/Method/Function

STATEMENT1

SUBPROGRAM1

STATEMENT2

SUBPROGRAM1
A meaningful collection of
any of the other control
statements
Asynchronous Control
(Asynchronous not at the same time, events can occur at any time)
EVENT

EVENTHANDLER
A subprogram executed
when an event occurs

Object-Oriented
Programming Languages

Earlier programming languages focused on the

operations and control structures of
programming procedural languages

Procedural languages paid little explicit

attention to the relationship between the
operations and the data. There were few
simple data types

Object-oriented languages focuses on the

relationship between the operations and data

Object-Oriented
Programming Languages

OOPL allow us to collect a data type

and its associated operations into a
single entity called an object.

Objects make the relationship between

the data type and operations explicit.

Objects are complete and selfcontained hence promote reusability

Object-oriented
terminology

Class
A description of an object that specifies
the types of data values that it can hold
and the operations that it can perform

Classes are usually collected into packages

Instantiate
To create an object based on the
description supplied by a class