Klasifikasi Mineral

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-Pertemuan 4:

Native elements
Sulfides & Sulfosalts
Halides
Hydroxides & Halides
Carbonates, Nitrates & Borates
Sulfates, Chromates, Molybdates,
Tungstates-Tellurates
Phosphates, Arsenates, & Vanadates
Silicates
Organic compounds

Introduction
Danas New Mineralogy, 9th ed. (1997)
Strunz, Mineralogical Tables, 9th ed.
(2006)
Classically minerals are classified into 9
classes based on their chemical
composition.

Classification of the Minerals

Mineral
Classifications Principally

Principally by dominant anion or anionic group

Secondarily by internal mineral structure
Silicates
Native Element
Nesosilicates
Sulfides (S)
Sorosilicates
Sulfosalts (Sb2S3)
Cyclosilicates
Oxides (O)
Inosilicates
Hydroxides (OH)
Phyllosilicates
Halides (Cl, F, Br, I)
Tectosilicates
Carbonates (CO3)
Sulfates (SO4)
Phosphates (PO4)
Nitrates, Borates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Arsenates, Vanadates...

Minerals for term paper

electronics

Native Elements and Sulfides

are frequently the targets of mining companies

Native Elements
Metals Gold, Silver, Copper,
Platinum, Palladium, Osmium, Iridium,
Iron, Fe-nickel
Semi-metals Arsenic, Bismuth,
Antimony
Non-metals Sulfur, Diamond,
Graphite

Native Metals: Occurrance

Gold group
Copper (Cu)
volcanic

: most commonly found associated with mafic

rocks, in small amounts in the oxidized
zone of Cu-bearing hydrothermal

sulfide deposits.
Gold (Au) : Hydrothermal sulfide deposits (veins or disseminated),
quarts vein in low-grade methamorphic rocks
(greenstones), accesory mineral in granitic
rocks, and
in contact metamorphic rocks, also
detrital gold as
placer deposits.
Silver (Ag) : Oxidized portion of silver-bearing hydrothermal sulfide
deposits, in some cases it may also be a
primary
mineral.
.

Native Elements

Native elements are minerals that are composed of a

single element.

Some examples are: Gold (Au), Silver (Ag), Copper

(Cu), Iron (Fe), Diamonds (C), Graphite (C), and
Platinum (Pt)
Gold

Image Courtesy of the

USGS

Silver

Image Courtesy of the USGS

Native Metals: Occurrance

(cont.)

Platinum group
Includes the two metals platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), natural alloys of
platinum-iridium (Ir) & iridium-osmium (Os).

Platinum (Pt)
Habit : Grains, scales or nuggets; cubic crystals rare; Pt, Pd & Ir are
isometric (= Cu crystal); Ir-Os are hexagonal close-packed (= Mg
crystal).
Chemistry : Native Pt always contains iron (+ 28%), so it is distinctly
magnetic & often showing polarity when rich in iron. It may also
contains Pd, Rh, Ir & Cu.
Occurrence : Pt occurs in basic & ultrabasic igneous rocks, associated
with olivin, pyroxene, chromite & magnetite.

Native Metals: Occurrance

Iron group
Iron (Fe)
Kamacite (Fe, Ni)
Taenite (Ni,Fd)

(cont.)

NATIVE SEMI METALS (ARSENIC GROUP): Occurrence

Includes the native elements arsenic (As), antimony (Sb) &
bismuth (Bi).
Arsenic (As)
Habit : Massive, in concentric layers; natural crystals rare;
sometimes reniform or stalactitic.
Chemistry : As usually contains some Sb, minor Fe, Ni, Ag or S. In
same proportions, As & Sb are found combined in the mineral
allemontite.
Antimony (Sb)
Habit : Massive; crystals rare; lamellar & distinctly cleavable; also
radiated, botryoidal or reniform.
Occurrence : Sb is of hydrotermal origin, occurring in veins with
silver ores, often with stibnite, also with ZnS, FeS2, PbS & SiO2.
Bismuth (Bi)
Habit : Reticulated or arborescent shapes, foliated, granular;
natural crystals indistinct.
Occurrence : Bi occurs in hydrotermal veins (with ores of Co, Ni,
Ag & Sn) and in pegmatites.

Native non metals: Occurrence

Non-metals
Sulfur : Around fumaroles, in volcanic vents, and hot
spring deposits associated with recent and
active volcanism, salt domes formed of
marine evaporite deposits.
Diamond: Generally restricted to ultramafic igneous
rocks (kimberlite) and related peridotite (upper
mantle).
Graphite:common constituent in regional (pelitic
metamorhphic rocks such as schist, phyllite,
and slate), and contact metamorphic rocks
such as marble, skarn deposits, gneiss, and
metamorphosed coal beds.

Native Metals

metallic bonding
dense, cubic close packing (CCP)
properties: soft, malleable, ductile, sectile, good heat and electrical
conductors
Melting points: low-Au, Ag, Cu
Au

Ag

Cu

Pt

Native Non-metals
Sulfur

Diamond

Graphite

Strong
Covalent
Bonds

C6 ring molecules
bonded by weak
van der Waals
forces; good
electrical
conductivity

S8 ring molecules
bonded by weak
van der Waals
forces
Synthetic (industrial) Diamonds

Native Element Occurrences

Gold Hydrothermal fluids related to magmatism, especially late
fractionation; commonly occurs in veins of quartz and pyrite; may
form detrital grains to produce placer deposits; Rarely occurs alloyed
with other elements.
Silver Hydrothermal ore deposits rich in sulfides, arsenides, and
bismuthides; also commonly associated native copper.
Copper Sulfide-poor hydrothermal ore deposits or secondary
oxidation of Cu-sulfide minerals; most abundant occurrence is the
native copper deposits of the Keweenawan Peninsula of Upper
Michigan where it occurs in lava flows and interflow conglomerates.

Native Element Occurrences

Platinum Occurs as primary deposits in mafic intrusions and as
secondary placer deposits.
Diamond Occurs in mantle-derived Kimberlite pipes with other high
temperature/high pressure minerals. Needs a subduction zone to
pressurize ocean floor carbon, the a rising plume to hit the right depth
in the subduction zone. Thats why they are rare.
Sulfur Precipitates near volcanic vents from volcanic gasses and
secondarily by oxidation of sulfide minerals.

Sulfides and Sulfosalts

Most common ore source of metals
Metals essential for industrial society
extracted
Great economic value
Magmatic and hydrothermal origin

Sulfides and Sulfosalts

A General formula:
MmXn
M metal or semimetal:Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb,
Sb, As, Ni, Co, Hg, Mo
X may be S (sulfides), As (arsenides),
S +As (sulfarsenides), or Te (tellurides)
Sulfosalts, minerals composition include a
metal (usually Cu, Ag, & Pb), a semimetal
(may be As, Sb, &Bi) take the place of
metals (M)

Sulfide and Sulfosalts (MmXn)

Silfides, X = S
Argentite, Ag2S
Bornite, Cu5FeS4
Chalcocite, Cu2S
Galena Group : Galena, PbS
Sphalerite, (Zn, Fe)S
Chalcopyrite, CuFeS2
Pyrrhotite, Fe1-xS
Pentlandite, (Fe,Ni)9S8
Cinnabar, HgS
Covellite, CuS
Realgar, AsS
Bismuthinite, Bi2S3
Orpiment, As2S3
Stibnite, Sb2S3
Pyrite, FeS2
Marcasite, FeS2
Molybdenite, MoS2
Bornite, CuFeS2
Enargite, Cu3AsS4
Pyargyrite, Ag3SbS3
Proustite, Ag3AsS3
Tetrahedrite, (Cu,Fe)12Sb4S13
Tennantite (Cu,Fe)12Sb4S13
Bournonite, PbCuSbS3
Boulangerite, Pb5Sb4S11

Sulfarsenides, X = AsS
Arsenopyrite, FeAsS
Cobaltite, (Co,Fe)AsS
Arsenides X = As
Niccolite, NiAs
Skutterudite, (Co,Ni)As3
Smaltite (Co,Ni)As3-x
Chloanthite, (Ni,Co)As3-x
Sperrylite, PtAs2
:
Tellurides, X = Te
Krennerite Group
Krennerite, (Au,Ag)Te2
Calaverite, AuTe2
Sylvanite, (Au,Ag)Te2

AX Type
Galena Group : Galena, PbS
Sphalerite Group : Sphalerite, (Zn, Fe)S
Chalcopyrite Group : Chalcopyrite,
CuFeS2
Wurtzite Group : Wurtzite, ZnS
Niccolite Group
Pyrrhotite, Fe1-xS
Niccolite, NiAs
Breithauptite, NiSb
Millerite, NiS
Pentlandite, (Fe,Ni)9S8
Covellite, CuS
Cinnabar, HgS
Realgar, AsS
Orpiment, As2S3
Stibnite Group
Stibnite, Sb2S3
Bismuthinite, Bi2S3
AX2 Type
Pyrite Group
Pyrite, FeS2
Sperrylite, PtAs2
Cobaltite Group : Cobaltite, CoAsS
Marcasite Group : Marcasite, FeS2
Arsenopyrite Group : Arsenopyrite,
FeAsS
Molybdenite, MoS2
Krennerite Group

A2X Type
Argentite Group : Argentite, Ag2S
Chalcocite Group : Chalcocite, Cu2S
A3X2 Type
Bornite, Cu5FeS4
AX3 Type
Skutterudite Series
Skutterudite, (Co,Ni)As3
Smaltite (Co,Ni)As3-x
Chloanthite, (Ni,Co)As3-x
A3BX3 Type
Ruby-Silver Group
Pyargyrite, Ag3SbS3
Proustite, Ag3AsS3
Tetrahedrite Series
Tetrahedrite, (Cu,Fe)12Sb4S13
Tennantite (Cu,Fe)12Sb4S13
A3BX4 Type
Enargite, Cu3AsS4
A2BX3 Type
Bournonite, PbCuSbS3
ABX2 Type
Boulangerite, Pb5Sb4S11

Sulfide Stability

Reducing to Oxidizing,
Acidic to Basic
Environments
Eh-pH diagrams are used for

reactions that occur from

aqueous solutions at low
pressures. The voltage
across a galvanic cell and the
pH determine which mineral
precipitates in a laboratory
vessel containing all needed
elements. These atmospheric
pressure conditions model
the formation of many major
ores

Cu-H2O-O2-S-CO2 phase diagram

at 25C and 1 atm pressure

Sulfide Paragenesis
Hydrothermal deposits (hypogene zone)
Supergene processes (supergene zone)

Sulfide Paragenesis

Bisbee, Arizona:
underground and open pit mining:
Cu-Ag skarn and
associated porphyry copper deposit
(mining stopped in 1975)

skarn

porphyry Cu

Sulfide Paragenesis
Origin of Resources
Weathering:

gossan - oxidised cap formed

by weathering of underlying
mineral deposit (rusty)

in regions with humid climates,

intense leaching of soil and other
surficial deposits can remnove
soluble components, leaving
residual material enriched in
insoluble components (e.g., Al, Fe, Ni)

(laterite deposits)

in arid regions, groundwater circulation

and changes in the water table can lead
to subsurface ("supergene") enrichment
in metals (e.g., Cu, Pb, Zn)
Nesse, Ch. 19

ERTH 2001: Resources

Bisbee, Arizona: Cu mined from skarn and porphyry

gossan

pyrite +
quartz

Sulfide Paragenesis
Bisbee, Arizona: Cu mined from skarn and porphyry
OM-23:

native Cu

cuprite
Cu2O

High Temperature Low Pressure Sulfide formation at MORs

Cu-Fe Sulfide Minerals

Py

Cv

Po

Dg

Cp

Cc

Bn

Other Common Sulfide Minerals

Galena
Zn

Galena PbS - dense, cubic cleavage

may contain substantial silver
Zn>>Fe

Sphalerite (Zn,Fe)S submetallic

black to resinous yellow, brown luster

Yellow streak

Zn>Fe

Pt

Pentlandite (Fe,Ni)9S8 yellowbronze; in magmatic ores

Cinnabar HgS vermilion-red color,

dense

Molybdenite MoS2 silver metallic

sheets

Arsenosulfides, Arsenides and Sulfosalts

Cobaltite (Co,Fe)AsS silver white metallic

Arsenopyrite FeAsS silver white metallic

Realgar AsS

(red)

- Orpiment As2S3

(yellow)

Skutterudite (Co,Ni)As3 silver-gray cubes

Stibnite Sb2S3 silver-gray prisms

(Antimony sulfide)

Enargite Cu3AsS4 striated metallic columns

and blades a sulfosalt