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AERODYNAMICS
The study of objects in motion
through air and the forces that
produce such motion.
THE ATMOSPHERE
ATMOSPHERIC CONTENT
PRESSURE
14.69 psi or
29.92 in Hg. or
1013.25 millibars or
101.325 kPa
PRESSURE
Column of air
extending
from sea level
upward
PRESSURE
TEMPERATURE
Sun
radiate
heat
through
atmosphe
Earth absorb
re
heat
(increase air
temperature
on surface)
TEMPERATURE
HOT
SUMME
R
DAY
DENSITY
Air is compressible
Compressed air more
dense (less space
occupied by air)
Density = measure of
air thickness
Density varies directly
with pressure
Low altitude more
dense
High altitude less
dense
ALTITUDE
HIGH Altitude
LESS Density
Greater speed
and distance
LOW Altitude
GREATER
Density
Same Horsepower
Less speed
and less distance
DENSITY
HUMIDITY
Amount of water vapor in air (condition of
moisture or dampness)
Temperature influence the maximum amount of
water vapor that the air can hold
Higher air temperature absorb more water vapour
Density of air varies with humidity
Density on damp day (hot day) is less than density
on dry day (cold day)
HUMIDITY
THE ATMOSPHERE
The whole mass of air extending
upward for hundreds of miles from
the earth
(320 km in depth)
THE ATMOSPHERE
LAYERS OF ATMOSPHERE
THE ATMOSPHERE
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ATMOSPHERE (ISA)
o Atmospheric
conditions vary
around the world
due to changes in
the properties of
the atmosphere
o Established to
provide a common
reference for
temperature,
pressure and
ISA
density at varying
TEMPERATURE
15C
59F
PRESSURE
14.69 psi
29.92 in Hg
1013.25 milibar
101.325 kPa
1 atm
DENSITY
1.225 kg/m3
Q CODE
To similarise the altitude reference of all
aircraft
Due to variable atmospheric condition
around the world
3 type of code :
QFE : aircraft height above airfield
QNH : Aircraft height above sea level (local
condition)
QNE : Aircraft height above sea level (ISA
condition)
AIRSPEED
Speed of sound is 331m/s at sea level with
temperature 0oc
Mach number as reference to speed of sound at
that altitude
Speed of sound reduce with reduce in temperature
Indicated Airspeed(IAS) is direct reading from
gauge measured by dynamic air pressure of
aircraft
True airspeed(TAS) is true flying speed base on
actual atmospheric condition.
IAS is less thab TAS in altitude.