BIOLOGY

CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS

Fourth Edition
Neil A. Campbell Jane B. Reece Lawrence G. Mitchell Martha R. Taylor

CHAPTER 9
Patterns of Inheritance
Modules 9.1 9.10
From PowerPoint Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Purebreds and Mutts A Difference of Heredity

Genetics is the science of heredity
These black Labrador puppies are purebred
their parents and grandparents were black Labs
with very similar genetic makeups
Purebreds
often suffer
from serious
genetic defects

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 The parents of these puppies were a mixture of

different breeds
Their behavior
and appearance
is more varied
as a result of
their diverse
genetic
inheritance

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

MENDELS PRINCIPLES
9.1 The science of genetics has ancient roots
The science of heredity dates back to ancient
attempts at selective breeding
Until the 20th century, however, many
biologists erroneously believed that
characteristics acquired during lifetime could be
passed on
characteristics of both parents blended
irreversibly in their offspring
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

9.2 Experimental genetics began in an abbey

garden
Modern genetics began with Gregor Mendels
quantitative experiments with pea plants

Stamen
Carpel
Figure 9.2A, B
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Mendel crossed
pea plants that
differed in certain
characteristics and
traced the traits
from generation to
generation
This illustration
shows his
technique for
cross-fertilization

White

Removed
stamens
from purple
flower

Stamens
Carpel
PARENTS
(P)

2 Transferred
Purple

pollen from
stamens of white
flower to carpel
of purple flower

3 Pollinated carpel

matured into pod

4
OFFSPRING
(F1)
Figure 9.2C

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Planted
seeds
from pod

 Mendel studied
seven pea
characteristics

FLOWER
COLOR

Purple

White

Axial

Terminal

SEED
COLOR

Yellow

Green

SEED
SHAPE

Round

Wrinkled

POD
SHAPE

Inflated

Constricted

POD
COLOR

Green

Yellow

STEM
LENGTH

Tall

Dwarf

FLOWER
POSITION

He hypothesized
that there are
alternative forms
of genes
(although he did
not use that
term), the units
that determine
heredity

Figure 9.2D

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

9.3 Mendels principle of segregation describes the

inheritance of a single characteristic
From his
experimental data,
Mendel deduced
that an organism
has two genes
(alleles) for each
inherited
characteristic
One characteristic
comes from each
parent
Figure 9.3A
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

P GENERATION
(true-breeding
parents)
Purple flowers

White flowers

All plants have

purple flowers

F1
generation

Fertilization
among F1
plants
(F1 x F1)

F2
generation
/4 of plants
have purple flowers
3

/4 of plants
have white flowers
1

GENETIC MAKEUP (ALLELES)

A sperm or egg
carries only one
allele of each pair

P PLANTS

Gametes

The pairs of alleles

separate when
gametes form
This process
describes Mendels
law of segregation

Phenotypic ratio
3 purple : 1 white
Genotypic ratio
1 PP : 2 Pp : 1 pp

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

All P

All p

All Pp

/2 P

Eggs
F2 PLANTS

Figure 9.3B

pp

F1 PLANTS
(hybrids)

Gametes

Alleles can be
dominant or
recessive

PP

P
PP

p
Pp

Sperm
p

Pp
pp

/2 p

9.4 Homologous chromosomes bear the two alleles

for each characteristic
Alternative forms of a gene (alleles) reside at
the same locus on homologous chromosomes
GENE LOCI
P

GENOTYPE:

PP

aa

Bb

HOMOZYGOUS
for the
dominant allele

HOMOZYGOUS
for the
recessive allele

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

DOMINANT
allele

RECESSIVE
allele

HETEROZYGOUS
Figure 9.4

9.5 The principle of independent assortment is

revealed by tracking two characteristics at once
By looking at two characteristics at once,
Mendel found that the alleles of a pair
segregate independently of other allele pairs
during gamete formation
This is known as the principle of independent
assortment

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

HYPOTHESIS:
DEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
RRYY
P
GENERATION

HYPOTHESIS:
INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT

rryy

Gametes

RRYY

ry

RY

F1
GENERATION

rryy

Gametes

ry

RY

RrYy

Eggs

/2 RY

/2 RY

Sperm

/2 ry

RrYy

Eggs

/2 ry

/4 rY

/4 Ry

/4 ry

RRYY

RRYy

Figure 9.5A
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

/4 Ry

RrYY
rrYY

RrYy
rrYy

ACTUAL
RESULTS
SUPPORT
HYPOTHESIS

/4 rY

RrYY

RrYy
Actual results
contradict
hypothesis

/4 RY

F2
GENERATION

/4 RY

RrYy
RRyy

Rryy

RrYy
rrYy

Rryy
rryy

/4 ry

RrYy

/16

/16

/16

/16

Yellow
round
Green
round
Yellow
wrinkled
Yellow
wrinkled

 Independent assortment of two genes in the

Labrador retriever

Blind

PHENOTYPES
GENOTYPES

Black coat,
normal vision
B_N_

Black coat,
blind (PRA)
B_nn

MATING OF HETEROZYOTES
(black, normal vision)
PHENOTYPIC RATIO
OF OFFSPRING

9 black coat,
normal vision

BbNn
3 black coat,
blind (PRA)

Figure 9.5B
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Blind

Chocolate coat,
normal vision
bbN_

Chocolate coat,
blind (PRA)
bbnn

BbNn
3 chocolate coat,
normal vision

1 chocolate coat,
blind (PRA)

9.6 Geneticists use the testcross to determine

unknown genotypes
The offspring of a testcross often reveal the
genotype of an individual when it is unknown

TESTCROSS:

GENOTYPES

B_

bb

Two possibilities for the black dog:

BB

b
OFFSPRING

Bb

GAMETES

Figure 9.6

or

Bb
All black

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Bb

bb

1 black : 1 chocolate

9.7 Mendels principles reflect the rules of

probability
Inheritance follows
the rules of probability
The rule of
multiplication and
the rule of addition
can be used to
determine the
probability of certain
events occurring

F1 GENOTYPES
Bb female

Bb male

Formation of eggs

Formation of sperm

/2

B
1

/2
B

/2

b
/2

/4

B
1

/4

b
/4

F2 GENOTYPES
/4

Figure 9.7
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

9.8 Connection: Genetic traits in humans can be

tracked through family pedigrees
The inheritance of many
human traits follows
Mendels principles and
the rules of probability

Figure 9.8A
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Family pedigrees are used to determine

patterns of inheritance and individual
genotypes
Dd
Joshua
Lambert

Dd
Abigail
Linnell

D_?
Abigail
Lambert

D_?
John
Eddy

dd
Jonathan
Lambert

Dd

Dd

dd

D_?
Hepzibah
Daggett

Dd
Elizabeth
Eddy

Dd

Dd

Dd

dd

Female Male
Figure 9.8B
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Deaf
Hearing

9.9 Connection: Many inherited disorders in

humans are controlled by a single gene
Most such
disorders are
caused by
autosomal
recessive alleles
Examples:
cystic fibrosis,
sickle-cell
disease

Normal
Dd

PARENTS

Normal
Dd

D
Eggs

D
Sperm

DD
Normal

d
OFFSPRING

d
Dd
Normal
(carrier)

Dd
Normal
(carrier)

dd
Deaf

Figure 9.9A

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 A few are caused by dominant alleles

Examples: achondroplasia, Huntingtons disease

Figure 9.9B
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Table 9.9
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9.10 Connection: Fetal testing can spot many

inherited disorders early in pregnancy
Karyotyping and biochemical tests of fetal cells
and molecules can help people make
reproductive decisions
Fetal cells can be obtained through
amniocentesis
Amniotic
fluid

Amniotic
fluid
withdrawn

Centrifugation
Fluid
Fetal
cells

Fetus
(14-20
weeks)

Biochemical
tests

Placenta

Figure 9.10A

Uterus

Cervix

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Cell culture

Several
weeks later

Karyotyping

 Chorionic villus sampling is another procedure

that obtains fetal cells for karyotyping

Fetus
(10-12
weeks)

Several hours
later

Placenta

Suction

Chorionic villi

Fetal cells
(from chorionic villi)

Karyotyping

Some
biochemical
tests

Figure 9.10B

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Examination of the fetus with ultrasound is

another helpful technique

Figure 9.10C, D

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings