PLANT LIFE

4thQ: Unit 1

How important is
plant?

Plants make food,

oxygen, provide habi
tats for animals, help
to make and preserv
e soil, provide useful
products for people (
including food, fibers
, medicines, and etc.
) and help to beautif
y our environment.

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is a
process by which
green plants turn r
aw materials like c
arbon dioxide and
water into glucose
in the presence of l
ight.

10 points writing

In some aspects, what makes plants better

than animals?
30 words

THE IMPORTANCE OF WATER IN PLANT

95% of the fresh

weight of a plant is
water.
Water transports
substances such as
minerals and vitamin
s required for plant g
rowth.
Water maintains
plants turgidity.

Transpiration

During hot weather,

water from plants ev
aporate to the enviro
nment through small
openings in the leav
es called stomata. T
his process is known
as transpiration.

stomata

Its an organ that

regulates the water loss i
n plant.
Stomata consists of
guard cells that controls t
he opening of the stoma.
Stoma closes at night to
reduce the loss of water
and opens at daytime to
allow exchange of carbon
dioxide and oxygen for p
hotosynthesis.

The Role of Transpiration

It helps in transporting
water and minerals to
the plant.
Xylem carries water
and dissolved mineral
from roots to the stem
and the leaves.
Phloem transports
glucose from the leave
s to all parts of the pla
nt.

Sexual Reproductive System

of Flowering Plants

Flowering plants reproduce through

sexual reproduction.
Sepals protect flower during bud
stage.
Petals are modified leaves that
attract insects for pollination and prot
ect the stamen and pistil of the flower.
Stamen male part
Anther has pollen sacs inside it which
are the place for pollen grains
formation.

Pistil female part

Stigma has sticky surface to enable it

to attach with the pollen grain.
Style joins the stigma with the ovary
and allows the pollen tube to grow
towards the ovules.
Ovary - protects the ovule which is an
ovum (female gamete).

Asexual Reproduction in
Non-flowering Plants
Asexual reproduction is a
type of reproduction that do
es not involves reproductive
cells.
Spore formation:

Ferns, Mosses, Mushrooms

Vegetative reproduction

Stems (sugarcane),
leaves (aloe vera),
suckers (pineapple), and
underground stems (onio
n)

Pollination

It is the transfer of
pollen grains from anth
er to the stigma of a flo
wer.
Agents of pollination
are wind, water,
animals, and insects to
transfer the pollen grai
ns.

Pollination to Fertilization

Step 1: An insect carries pollen from one flower to another

Step 2: The stigma catches the pollen
Step 3: The pollen tube grows down to the ovary
Step 4: The pollen fertilizes the ovule
Step 5: The ovules develop into seeds
Step 6: The ovary develops into a fruit

2 Types of Pollination

Self-Pollination:
occurs between the
same or different flo
wer of the same pla
nt.
Cross-Pollination:
occurs between the
flowers of different p
lants.

Wind Vs. Insect Pollinated

Flowers

Wind and Insect Pollinated

Flowers

The Development of Fruits and

Seeds in Plants
After pollination, pollen
grains germinate sugary
solution causing the poll
en tube to emerge, Nucl
eus tube (contains male ga
mete) found at the tip of
the pollen tube penetrat
es the style into the ovu
le. The pollen tube brea
ks as it reaches the ovul
e and releases the male
gamete in the ovary. Fe
rtilization begins.

Development after Fertilization

Zygote is formed
after
fertilization.

Zygote
experienced cell
division to form
embryo.

The ovule
develops into a
seed and the
ovary develops
into fruit.

Seeds vs. Spores

SEEDS
Larger in size and can be
seen and touched easily
Multicellular
located either in the fruit or
flower of flowering plants
germinates more easily
disseminated by animals
that eat the fruit of flowerin
g plants

SPORES
Smaller or microscopic size
Unicellular
Located underneath the
leaves of non-flowering
plants
Spores requires a wet
environment to germinate
Simply fall off or spread by
the wind to propagate

MONOCOT VS. DICOT

Germination of Seed

During germination,
the embryo will
develop into a shoot,
seedling and roots re
spectively.

Angio VS. Gymno

Spelling & Vocabs

1. Angiosperm
2. Gymnosperm
3. Radicle
4. Cotyledon
5. Germination
6. Autogamy
7. No
8. Gymnosperm
9. Dicot
10.Testa

Angiosperms

Gymnosperms

Seed-producing flowering
plants whose seeds are
enclosed within an ovary.

Seed-producing nonflowering plants whose seeds

are unenclosed or naked.

Seeds

Enclosed inside an ovary,

usually in a fruit.

Bare, not enclosed; found on

scales, leaves or as cones.

Reproducti
on

Mostly rely on animals.

Mostly rely on wind.

Uses

Medications , food,
clothing, etc...

Paper, Lumber , etc...

Definition

Examples

Condition for Germination

Suitable
Temperature for
enzyme reaction, Air
for respiration, and
Water to soften the t
esta (or seed coat).

Stimuli and Responses to Plants

in the Environment

4 COMMON TROPISMS IN PLANTS

1. Phototropism
2. Geotropism
3. Hydrotropism
4. Thigmotropism

Phototropism

It is he growth of
plants in response to
light.
Positive
Phototropism is
when the shoots gro
w towards light.
Negative
Phototropism is
when the roots grow
away from light.

Geotropism

It is the growth
movement shown by
plants in response to
gravity.

Hydrotropism

It is the growth
movement shown by
plants in response to
water.

Thigmotropism

It is a growth
response by plants
to touch or contact
with a solid structure
.

TROPISM & NASTIC MOVEMENT

TROPISM
Are growth responses
of plant to external
stimuli.
Directional Movement
Positive and Negative
Tropism
Usually, plants
response for growth

NASTIC MOVEMENT
Are movements
made by plants in
response to external
stimuli that may com
e from any direction
Usually, plants
response to touch
for defense

NASTIC MOVEMENT

Seismonastic a
type of nastic
movement in respon
se to touch to protec
t the plants against
damage.

Application of Vegetative
Reproduction

Technology of vegetative
reproduction includes stem
cutting and tissue culture.
STEM CUTTING a method
where a piece of twig is cut off
from the parent plant and then
placed in the soil. After a few d
ays, grows into a new plant. (S
ugar Cane)
TISSUE CULTURE a method of
reproduction which produces
new plants called clone from th
e tissue of the parent plant. (C
arrot)

TISSUE CULTURE

BIOTECHNOLOGY

What is Biotechnology?
What are the different types of Biotechnology?
What is Agricultural Biotechnology?
State one benefit of Agricultural
Biotechnology.
How can Biotechnology help the environment?
State one advantage of using Biotechnology.