Gases, Liquids & Solids

General Properties
Gases
Have an indefinite volume
Expand to fill a container

Have an indefinite shape

Take the shape of a container

Have low densities

d air 1.2 g / L at 25C
d H2O 1.0 g / mL

Have high kinetic energies

Going Nowhere Fast

Molecules move quickly,
but take a long time to
get anywhere because
of collisions with each
other.
Without collisions, a
molecule would cross a
room in a fraction of a
second.
Collisions can make the
journey last several
minutes.

What is Gas Pressure?

What is Pressure
Force
Pressure =
Area

Pressure depends on the

Number of gas molecules
Temperature of the gas
Volume the gas occupies

SI unit for force is N = Newton = kg-m/s2

SI unit for pressure is P = Pascal = kg/s2 - m

What is Pressure?
Pressure =

Force The force divided by the area over which it is distributed

Area

Pressure Conversions
Convert 675 mm Hg to atm. Note: 760 mm Hg = 1 atm

Convert 675 mm Hg to torr. Note: 760 mm

Hg = 760 torr.

Atmospheric Pressure

Atmospheric pressure
is due to the mass of
the atmospheric gases
pressing down on the
earths surface.
Gravity makes the air
density higher near
the earths surface.
Pressure decreases
with elevation air
density decreases.

Mass of column of air extending into

upper atmosphere ~ 10,000 kg.

rce exerted = ma = mg = 10,000 kg*9.8 m/s2 = 1*105 kg-m/s2 = 1*105 N

essure = 1*105 kg-m/s2 / 1 m2 = 1*105 kg/s2 -m = 1*105 Pa

Measuring Pressure

Because it is difficult to measure

the total force exerted by gas
molecules, the pressure of a
gas is usually measured indirectly
by comparing it with a liquid
pressure.

Liquid pressure is directly proportiona

to the liquid density and the height of
the liquid column.

Open end manometer

Mathematical Description of a Gas

We need four variables to define the
physical state of a gas.
Temperature
Pressure
Volume
Amount of gas, n = mols

Equations that express the

relationships between these variables
are known as the gas laws.

Dependence of Pressure on Number of Molecules

Volume & Temperature Constant

P is proportional
to n (number of
molecules) at Tc
(constant T) and Vc
(constant V).
The increased
pressure is due to
more frequent
collisions with
walls of the
container.
Volume
is 22.4 Liters in each case shown

Dependence of Pressure on Temperature

Volume and Moles Constant
P is proportional to T
at nc (constant
number of moles)
and Vc.
The increased
pressure is due to
more frequent
collisions
higher energy
collisions

Dependence of Pressure on Volume

Temperature & Moles Constant

P is inversely
proportional to V at nc
(constant number of
moles) and Tc.
The increased
pressure is due to
more frequent
collisions

Some Gas Laws

Boyles Law
Charless Law
Avogadros Law
The Ideal Gas Equation

Boyles Law (T & n constant)

yles Law the volume of a fixed quantity of gas maintained at constant T

inversely proportional to the pressure.

What happens to V if you double P?

V decreases by half!
What happens to P if you double V?
P decreases by half!
Mathematically we say P varies
inversely with V (or V varies inversely
with P)

Mathematically we write P 1/V

Mathematically P = constant * 1/V or V * P =

constant.

Boyles Law (T & n constant)

A plot of P versus 1/V yields a straight line

Y = mx where m = slope = constant.

Boyles Law

PV
1 1 PV
2 2

A sample of argon gas occupies

500.0 mL at 920. torr. Calculate the
pressure of the gas if the volume is
increased to 937 mL at constant
temperature PV
and constant # of mols.
1 1
P

Set-Up
2
V2
920. torr 500. mL
= 491 torr
Calculate P2 =
937 mL

Charles Law P and moles constant

olume of a fixed amount of gas at a constant pressure is directly proport

absolute temperature.
Mathematically we may write V T and we say V varies
directly with T
Mathematically we may write V = constant * T or V/T =
constant

For
The
volume
an idealwe
gas
at V1/T1 = V2 /T2
two
sets of of
conditions
have
absolute zero (-273C) is zero.
Real gases condense at their
boiling point so it is not possible to
have a gas with zero volume.
The gas laws are based on Kelvin
temperature.
All gas law problems must be
worked in Kelvin!

Charles Law P and n constant

Charles Law

V1
V2

T1
T2

A 2.0 L He balloon at 25C is taken

outside on a cold winter day at
-15C. What is the volume of the
balloon if the pressure remains
constant?V V
VT
Set-Up

Calculate

T1

T2

rearranged gives V2

(2.0 L)(258 K)
V2 =
= 1.7 L
298 K

1 2

T1

Avogadros Law V-
n

Avogadros Law

Avogadros Law

given mass of an ideal gas, the volume and amount (moles) of the gas a
tly proportional if the temperature and pressure are constant.

ematically V n or V = constant * n or V/n = constant

wo different sets of conditions we have:

Example #: A cylinder with a

movable piston contains 2.00 g of
helium, He, at room temperature.
More helium was added to the
cylinder and the volume was adjusted
so that the gas pressure remained the
same. How many grams of helium
were added to the cylinder if the
volume was changed from 2.00 L to
2.70 L? (The temperature was held

Combined Gas Laws

= constant

For a fixed # of mols

of gas

= constant

Combined Gas Law

PV
1 1
T1

PV
2 2
T2

A sample of oxygen gas occupies

500.0 mL at 722 torr and 25C.
Calculate the temperature in C if the
gas has a volume of 2.53 L at 491
mmHg. T PV
Set-Up

T2

Calculate

491 torr 2530 ml 248K

T2 =
=853K
722 torr 500.0 ml

1 2 2

PV
1 1

580C

Practice Problems

The Ideal Gas Equation

= constant

P V = constant = R
nT
PV=nRT
PV =nRT

Ideal Gas Law

Always Kelvin!

Units for gas constant, R = Liter atm/molK

R= 0.08206 Latm/molK
Remember moles = n = grams/ molar mass = g/M
Another useful form of the ideal gas law: PV = gRT
M

Using the Gas Laws

Copyright2011Pearson
CanadaInc.

GeneralChemistry:Chapter6

Slide 30 of 41

Applying the ideal gas equation

Copyright2011Pearson
CanadaInc.

GeneralChemistry:Chapter6

Slide 31 of 41

Useful Forms of the Ideal Gas Law

Remember moles = n = grams/ molar mass = g/M
Substituting g/M yields another useful form of the ideal gas
law:
1)

PV = gRT
M
Also, we may rearrange the ideal gas law as follows: n = P
V
RT
Multiplying both sides of the equation by Molar Mass, M
yields:
n M = P M where n/V * M = density, d in g/L yielding:
V

RT

2) d = density = PM

Ideal Gas Law

L atm
PV nRT where R = 0.0821
mol K

How many moles of Ar are contained

in 1.3L at 24C and 745 mm Hg?
Knowns
V = 1.3 L T = 24C = 297 K
P = 745 mm Hg = 0.980 atm
Set-Up
Calculate

PV
n
RT
(0.980 atm)(1.3 L)
n=
=0.052 mol
L atm
(0.0821
)(297 K)
mol K

Ideal Gas Law

Calculate the molar mass (M) of an
unknown gas, if 4.12 g occupy a
volume of 943mL at 23C and 751
torr.
Set-Up

g
n=
M

gRT
M=
PV

g
so PV = RT
M
L atm
(4.12 g)(0.0821
)(296 K)
mol K
Calculate M =
=107 g/mol
(0.988 atm)(0.943 L)

Practice Problems

Guy-Lussac and the Law of Combining

Volumes
Guy-Lussac carried out experiments on the properties of gases.
He observed that at a given T and P, the volumes of gases that
react with one another are in the ratios of small whole numbers.

ed to Avogadros hypothesis: equal volumes of gases at the same T & P,

numbers of molecules.

Volumes of Gases in Chemical RXs Guy Lussacs Law

The ratio of the volumes of gases (at constant T & P) consumed or
produced in a chemical reaction is equal to the ratio of simple whole
numbers (coefficients in the balanced equation).

ar Volume at Standard Temperature and Pressure

dard Temperature and Pressure, STP = 1 atm and 0C or 273

This is the molar volume the volume that 1 mole of gas occupies at STP

Gas Stoichiometry

Gas Stoichiometry

Daltons Law of Partial

Pressures
The total pressure
of a mixture of
gases equals the
sum of the
pressures that
each would exert if
it were present
In other words, alone.
Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3 +

Daltons Law of Partial Pressures

T & V constant

Daltons Law of Partial Pressures

Ptot=Pbar=Pgas+PH2O
Figure 6-13

Collecting a gas over water

Partial Pressure
Ptot=P1+P2+
P1=n1(RT/V)P2=n2(RT/V)P3=n3(RT/V)etc.
Pt=(n1+n2+n3+..)RT/V=nt(RT/V)
dimensionless

n1
n1RT/V
P1
=
=
= X1= mole fraction of gas 1
n
RT/V
ntot
Ptot
tot
P1 =

n1
ntot

Ptot = X1 Ptot

Practice Problems

Practice Problems

Practice Problems

Kinetic-Molecular Theory

This is a model that

aids in our
understanding of
what happens to
gas particles as
environmental
conditions change.

Main Tenets of Kinetic-Molecular

Theory
Gases consist of large numbers of molecules that are
in continuous, random motion.
The combined volume of all the molecules of the gas is negligible
relative to the total volume in which the gas is contained.
The average kinetic energy of a particle is proportional to the
temperature in kelvins.
The collision of one particle with another is completely elastic.
When two particles collide they may exchange energy but there is
no overall loss of energy.

Main Tenets of Kinetic-Molecular

Theory
Attractive and
repulsive forces
between gas
molecules are
negligible.

Main Tenets of Kinetic-Molecular

Theory
Energy can be transferred
between molecules
during collisions, but the
average kinetic energy of
the molecules does not
change with time, as long
as the temperature of the
gas remains constant.

u = root-mean-square speed (rms) which is the speed of a molecule

possessing
average kinetic energy.
Molar Mass

Main Tenets of Kinetic-Molecular

Theory
The average
kinetic energy of
the molecules is
proportional to
the absolute
temperature.

Main Tenets of Kinetic-Molecular Theory

Practice Problems

Practice Problems

Practice Problem

For this type of problem use R = 8.314 J/mol-K and convert molar mass to kg/mo

Effusion

Effusion is the escape of gas

molecules through a tiny hole into
an evacuated space.

Effusion
The difference in
the rates of
effusion for
helium and
nitrogen, for
example, explains
a helium balloon
would deflate
faster.

Grahams Law of Effusion

The rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root

of the mass of its particles.
Molar mass

Stated another way, the relative rates of effusion of two gases at the
same temperature and pressure are given by the inverse ratio of the
square roots of the masses of the gas particles

Grahams Law of Effusion

Onlyforgasesatlowpressure(naturalescape,notajet).
Tinyorifice(nocollisions)
Doesnotapplytodiffusion.
Ratiousedcanbe:

Rateofeffusion(asabove)
Molecularspeeds
Effusiontimes

Distancestraveledbymolecules
Amountsofgaseffused.

Practice Problem

late the ratio of the effusion rates of H2 and uranium

fluoride, UF6, a gas used in the enrichment process
oduce fuels for nuclear reactors.

-12 is used as a refrigerant in central home air conditioners.

ate of effusion of Freon-12 to Freon-11 (molar mass = 137.4
7:1. The formula of Freon is one of the following: CF 4, CF3Cl,
2, CFCl3, or CCl4. Which formula is correct for Freon-12?

Diffusion
Diffusion is the
spread of one
substance
throughout a
space or
throughout a
second
substance.

Effusion & Diffusion

Diffusion - The spread of particles through random motion from

regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration.
Effusion - The process in which individual molecules flow, through a
hole without collisions between molecules, into a vacuum.

Diffusion
diffusion of a gas YouTube
Gaseous Diffusion Demonstration
, Jesse Miller, Chemist
Corner, 9/3/2008 - YouTube
Diffusion of Bromine vapor - YouTube

Practice Problem

HW Problem - 10.98

HW Problem - 10.34

Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT)

Assumptions of the KMT and ideal gases include:
1. Gas molecules have tiny volumes compared with the collective
volume they occupy. Their individual volumes are so small as to
be considered negligible, allowing particles in a gas to be
treated as point masses; masses with essentially no volume.
2. Gases are separated by large distances, hence a gas is mostly
empty space.
3. Gas molecules move constantly and randomly throughout the
volume they collectively occupy.
4. The motion of these gas particles is associated with an average
kinetic energy that is proportional to the absolute temperature
of the gas. All populations of gas molecules at the same
temperature have the same average kinetic energy. K.E. T
These gases are at the
same T and have the
same kinetic energy

Kinetic Molecular Theory

Assumptions of the KMT (continued):
5. Gas molecules continually collide with one another
and with their container walls. These collisions are
elastic; that is, they result in no net transfer of
energy to the walls. Therefore, the average kinetic
energy of gas particles is not affected by these
collisions and remains constant as long as there is
no change in temperature.
6. Each gas molecule acts independently of all other
molecules in a sample. We assume there are no
forces of attraction or repulsion between the
molecules.