Semantic Web

Course Introduction
Vagan Terziyan
Department of Mathematical Information Technology, University of Jyvaskyla
vagan@it.jyu.fi ; terziyan@yahoo.com
http://www.cs.jyu.fi/ai/vagan
+358 14 260-4618
ITIN, France, February 2006

Contents
Course introduction
Practical information
Lectures
Course exercise

Course Introduction:
Semantic Web - new Possibilities for
Intelligent Web Applications

Motivation for Semantic Web

Web Limitations
Average WWW searches examine
only about 25% of potentially
relevant sites and return a lot of
unwanted information

Semantic Web
Doubles in size
every six months

The Semantic Web is a

vision: the idea of having
data on the Web defined and
linked in a way that it can be
used by machines not just for
display purposes, but for
automation, integration and
reuse of data across various
applications.

World Wide Web

Information on web is not suitable

for software agents
4

Semantic Web Structure

Before Semantic Web

Semantic
Annotations

Ontologies

Logical Support

Languages

Tools

Applications /
Services

Semantic
Web

WWW
and
Beyond

Creators

Users

WWW
and
Beyond

Web content
7

Creators

Users
Web content

Semantic Web Content: New Users

Semantic
Web and
Beyond

Users

Creators
Semantic Web
content

applications
agents

Semantic
Annotations

Ontologies

Logical Support

Languages

Tools

Applications /
Services

Semantic
Web

WWW
and
Beyond

Creators

Users
Web content

Semantic Web: Resource Integration

Semantic
annotation
Shared
ontology

Web resources /
services / DBs / etc.

Semantic Web: which resources to annotate ?

Industrial and business
processes
Web resources /
services / DBs / etc.

Web users
(profiles,
preferences)

Web access
devices

Shared
ontology

External world
resources

Multimedia
resources

Web agents /
applications
Smart
machines
and devices

Word-Wide Correlated Activities

Semantic Web
Semantic Web is an extension of the current
web in which information is given well-defined
meaning, better enabling computers and people
to work in cooperation

Agentcities is a global, collaborative effort

to construct an open network of on-line systems
hosting diverse agent based services.

Agentcities
Grid Computing
Wide-area distributed computing, or "grid technologies,
provide the foundation to a number of large-scale efforts
utilizing the global Internet to build distributed computing
and communications infrastructures.

Web Services
WWW is more and more used for application to application communication.
The programmatic interfaces made available are referred to as Web services.
The goal of the Web Services Activity is to develop a set of
technologies in order to bring Web services to their full potential

FIPA
FIPA is a non-profit organisation aimed
at producing standards for the interoperation
of heterogeneous software agents.

Semantic Technology
Semantic technology as a software technology
allows the meaning of information to be known and
processed at execution time. For a semantic
technology there must be a knowledge model of
some part of the world that is used by one or
more applications at execution time.

Semantic Technology Market Forecasting

Semantic solution, services & software markets
will grow rapidly, topping $60B by 2010.

10

Excellent Job Opportunities:

Samples of Mail-List with Job Advertisements

OntoWeb (at least 2-3 job advertisements on Semantic Web

and Web Services Technologies in Europe per week!)

ontoweb-list@lists.deri.org
To register follow the link:
http://lists.deri.org/mailman
Semantic Web (at least 2-3 job advertisements on Semantic
Web and Web Services Technologies in Europe per week!)

seweb-list@lists.deri.org
To register follow the link:
http://lists.deri.org/mailman

11

Course Description

12

Practical Information
Lectures: 10 hours
Monday: 20 February, 9:00-10:15; 10:30-12:00; 13h30-15h15;
Tuesday: 21 February, 9:00-10:15; 10:30-12:00.
Slides available online (links from Introductory Lecture)

Exercise: 6 hours
Monday: 20 February, 15:30-17:00
Tuesday: 21 February, 13:30-15:15; 15:30-17:00.
task will be announced during the lectures

13

Lectures

14

Semantic Web Lectures

Lectures Schedule
20/02/2006 (9:00 - 10:15) Lecture 1: Semantic Web Basics
20/02/2006 (10:30 - 12:00) Lecture 2: Semantic Web Applications
20/02/2006 (13:30 - 15:15) Lecture 3: Protege Tutorial (Designing Ontologies with Protege)
21/02/2006 (9:00 - 10:15) Lecture 4: Semantic Web Services Basics
21/02/2006 (10:30 - 12:00) Lecture 5: Industrial Smart Resources in Semantic Web

15

Introduction

Semantic Web
Course Introduction
Vagan Terziyan
Department of Mathematical Information Technology, University of Jyvaskyla
vagan@it.jyu.fi ; terziyan@yahoo.com
http://www.cs.jyu.fi/ai/vagan
+358 14 260-4618

http://www.cs.jyu.fi/ai/vagan/SW_Introduction.ppt
16

Lecture 1: Semantic Web Basics

Industrial Ontologies Group

Semantic Web:

State-of-Art and Opportunities

Industrial Ontologies Group
http://www.cs.jyu.fi/ai/OntoGroup/index.html

Semantic Web the Key Concern of AI and W3C

Communities
Based on tutorials and presentations:
D. Fensel, P. Constantopoulos, J. Busch, A. Sheth, J. Chen-Burger, E. Motta,
B. Matthews, S. Robinson, E. Kim, T. Berners-Lee, E. Prudhommeaus, L. Ding,
J. Hendler, O. Lassila, V. C. Sekhar, C. Goble

University of Jyvskyl, August 2003

http://www.cs.jyu.fi/ai/OntoGroup/pres/SW_Tutorial_2004_Part_1.ppt

http://www.cs.jyu.fi/ai/vagan/Semantic_Web.ppt

17

Lecture 2: Semantic Web Applications

Technology Roadmap for Applications
2

Semantic
Communication

Semantic
Search

Semantic Web: Applications

7
1

Semantic
Games

Semantic
Annotation

Semantic
Integration

Semantic
Proactivity

Semantic
Personalization

Vagan Terziyan
P2P

Agent Technology Web Services

Machine Learning

Semantic Web (SW)

Industrial Ontologies Group

http://www.cs.jyu.fi/ai/OntoGroup/pres/SW_Tutorial_2004_Part_2.ppt

18

Lecture 3: Tutorial: Designing Ontologies with Protg

Protg is an ontology editor and a knowledge-base
editor (download from http://protege.stanford.edu ).
Protg is also an open-source, Java tool that
provides an extensible architecture for the creation
of customized knowledge-based applications.
Protg's OWL Plug-in now provides support for
editing Semantic Web ontologies.

http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/~horrocks/Teaching/cs646/
http://www.co-ode.org/resources/tutorials/ProtegeOWLTutorial.pdf

19

Lecture 4: Semantic Web Services Basics

Semantic Web Services Basis

Why Semantic Web Services ?

New Opportunity for the Semantic Technology

The question we should answer today:

Why these are necessary ?

Semantic Web Services

Web Services

Distributed Artificial Intelligence

Service Oriented Design

Semantic Web

Semantic Technology

Software Technologies
Vagan Terziyan

26.01.2005

http://www.cs.jyu.fi/ai/vagan/Why_SWS.ppt
20

Lecture 5: Industrial Smart Resources

in Semantic Web

http://www.cs.jyu.fi/ai/vagan/SmartResource_Summary.ppt
21

Additional Material for Self-Study

Just for case you do not know: Introduction to XML

Integration &
Interoperability

Web
Services

Data (XML)

Tools

Such Format, which Describes the Content of

a Web Document Rather than the Way to
Display it, is among the Basic Needs of the
Intelligent Web Applications

Introduction to XML
Based on tutorials of B. Cormia, D. Suciu, H. Boley, S.
Decker, M. Sintek, E. R. Harold and others

http://www.cs.jyu.fi/ai/vagan/XML.ppt
23

Markup Techniques
Universal Storage/Interchange Formats
are among the Basic Requirements for
the Interoperability in the Web

Namespaces
CSS

DTDs
DAML
Ontobroker

Agents

HornML
RuleML

XSLT

Stylesheets

Rules

Transformations

XML

XQL

Queries

XQuery
XML-QL

SHOE

Frames

RDF[S]

Acquisition

TopicMaps
Protg

Markup Techniques
Based on Tutorials :
H. Boley, S. Decker, M. Sintek, E. R. Harold

http://www.cs.jyu.fi/ai/vagan/Markup_Techniques.ppt
24

RDF and RDF Schema

Description of Semantic Properties of the
Web Resources and Semantic Relationships
between them is Extremely Important for the
Intelligent Web Applications
Johns
homepage

To be a
Director

RDF and RDF Schema

To Love

To be a
Secretary

Based on tutorials and presentations of

O. Lassila, R.R. Swick, J. Cowan, D. Brickley, R.V. Guha
Marys
homepage

http://www.cs.jyu.fi/ai/vagan/RDF.ppt
25

Ontologies in Semantic Web

The More or Less Global Agreement about
Standard Terminology and Conceptual Hierarchy
for a Domain Description is Necessary for the
Interoperability in the Intelligent Web
www.ontoknowledge.org/ oil

Ontologies

in Semantic Web
2

Based on tutorials and presentations:

D. Lee, F. Harmelen, M. Arumugam, C. Goble, I. Horrocks, N. F. Noy,
D.L. McGuinness, J. Broekstra, M. Klein, S. Decker, D. Fensel

http://www.cs.jyu.fi/ai/vagan/Ontologies_1.ppt
http://www.cs.jyu.fi/ai/vagan/Ontologies_2.ppt

26

JENA
Jena is a Java framework for building Semantic Web applications.
It provides a programmatic environment for RDF, RDFS and
OWL, including a rule-based inference engine.
Jena is open source and grown out of work with the HP Labs
Semantic Web Program.
The Jena Framework includes:

A RDF API
Reading and writing RDF in RDF/XML, N3 and N-Triples
An OWL API
In-memory and persistent storage
RDQL a query language for RDF

http://jena.sourceforge.net/tutorial/RDF_API/index.html

http://jena.sourceforge.net/

27

Jena Integration of Protg-OWL

Jena is one of the most widely used Java APIs for RDF and OWL,
providing services for model representation, parsing, database
persistence, querying and some visualization tools. Protege-OWL
always had a close relationship with Jena. The Jena ARP parser is still
used in the Protege-OWL parser, and various other services such as
species validation and datatype handling have been reused from Jena.
It was furthermore possible to convert a Protege OWLModel into a
Jena OntModel, to get a static snapshot of the model at run time. This
model, however had to be rebuild after each change in the model.
As of August 2005, Protege-OWL is now much closer integrated with
Jena. This integration allows programmers to user certain Jena
functions at run-time, without having to go through the slow rebuild
process each time. The architecture of this integration is illustrated on
the next slide

http://protege.stanford.edu/plugins/owl/api/guide.html

28

Jena Integration of Protg-OWL

The key to this integration is the fact
that both systems operate on a lowlevel "triple" representation of the
model. Protege has its native frame
store mechanism, which has been
wrapped in Protege-OWL with the
TripleStore classes. In the Jena
world, the corresponding interfaces
are called Graph and Model. The
Protege TripleStore has been
wrapped into a Jena Graph, so that
any read access from the Jena API in
fact operates on the Protege triples.
In order to modify these triples, the
conventional Protege-OWL API must
be used. However, this mechanisms
allows to use Jena methods for
querying while the ontology is edited
inside Protege.
The OWLModel API has a new method getJenaModel() to access a Jena view of the Protege model at
run-time. This can be used by Protege plugin developers. Many other Jena services can be wrapped into
29
Protege plugins this way, by providing them a pointer to the Model created by Protege.

Joseki - a SPARQL Server for Jena

Joseki: The Jena RDF Server. Joseki is a server for publishing RDF models on
the web. Models have URLs and they can be access by HTTP GET. Joseki is
part of the Jena RDF framework.
Joseki is an HTTP and SOAP engine supports the SPARQL Protocol and the
SPARQL RDF Query language. SPARQL is developed by the W3C RDF Data
Access Working Group.
Joseki Features:

RDF Data from files and databases

HTTP (GET and POST) implementation of the SPARQL protocol
SOAP implementation of the SPARQL protocol

http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/joseki/joseki-3.0-beta-1.zip?download

http://www.joseki.org/

30

Course Exercise

31

Task for the Exercise (6 x 45 min)

Learn to use Protg (45 min) personal work;
Create ontology for companies description based on
Protg tool (work in 4 groups, 5 persons per group all
from different companies) (45+45 min);
semantically annotate your employer company based on
ontology of your group personal work (45 min);
Recreate groups so that each new group contains one
representative from each previous group (i.e. it will be 5
groups, 4 persons per group), each group independently
tries to integrate 4 original ontologies and appropriate
semantic descriptions to one ontology in Protg,
printing final files to the report (45+45 min).
32

Lecture Notes and Textbook

Lecture Notes (available online)

Follow link:
http://www.cs.jyu.fi/ai/vagan/courses

Main recommended textbook

Dave McComb, Semantics in Business

Systems, Morgan Kaufmann, 2004.
33

Additional Reading
Johan Hjelm, Creating the
Semantic Web with RDF,
John Wiley, 2001

Dieter Fensel: Ontologies: A Silver

Bullet for Knowledge Management
and Electronic Commerce, Springer
Verlag, 2001

John Davies, Dieter Fensel &

Frank van Harmelen:, Towards
the Semantic WEB Ontology
Driven Knowledge Management,
John Wiley, 2002

Dieter Fensel, Wolfgang Wahlster,

Henry Lieberman, James Hendler
(Eds.): Spinning the Semantic Web:
Bringing the World Wide Web to Its
Full Potential, MIT Press, 2002

Thomas B. Passin, "Explorer's

Guide to the Semantic Web",
ISBN 1932394206, June 2004

Michael C. Daconta, Leo J. Obrst,

Kevin T. Smith: The Semantic Web: A
Guide to the Future of XML, Web
Services, and Knowledge
Management, John Wiley, 2003

Jeff Pollock and Ralph Hodgson,

"Adaptive Information: Improving
Business Through Semantic
Interoperability, Grid Computing,
and Enterprise Integration, Wiley
Computer Publishing, September
2004

M. Klein and B. Omelayenko (eds.),

Knowledge Transformation for the
Semantic Web, Vol. 95, Frontiers in
Artificial Intelligence and
Applications, IOS Press, 2003

34

Where to find out more:

Web-Sites

OWL, OWL-S

http://www.w3.org/2004/01/sws-pressrelease
http://www.w3.org/2004/01/sws-testimonial

Semantic Web

http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/
http://www.semwebcentral.org/

Semantic Web Services

http://www.daml.org/services/
http://www.swsi.org/
http://www.wsmo.org
35