CONTENTS

13-1 Verb + gerund

13-2 Go + -ing
13-3 Verb + infinitive
13-4 Verb + gerund or infinitive
13-5 Preposition + gerund
13-6 Using by and with to express how something is done
13-7 Using gerunds as subjects; using it + infinitive
13-8 It + infinitive: using for (someone)
13-9 Expressing purpose with in order to and for
13-10 Using infinitives with too and enough

13-1 VERB + GERUND

She keeps worrying about

her husband.

13-1 VERB + GERUND

(a) I

verb

like

gerund

be ing with you.

-ing form of a verb

gerund

used as a noun
object of the verb

13-1 VERB + GERUND

(b) They enjoy eating pizza.

(c) They have finished

working on a big
project.

(d) My sister never stops

talking on the phone.
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13-1 VERB + GERUND

(e) I wish they would

quit arguing.

13-1 VERB + GERUND

(f) Would you mind taking

my picture?

13-1 VERB + GERUND

(g) I usually postpone doing my taxes until the

last minute.
(h) Many people put off doing their taxes until
the last minute.

13-1 VERB + GERUND

(i) They have to keep (on) working until the

project is finished.

13-1 VERB + GERUND

(j) They are considering breaking up.

(k) They are thinking about breaking up.
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13-1 VERB + GERUND

(l) They discussed breaking up.

(m) They talked about breaking up, but they
decided to stay together.

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13-1 VERB + GERUND

(n) She is considering not going to work today.

not + gerund = negative form

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13-1 LETS PRACTICE

thinking
going out to play.
They are ____________
______
about
think about
go

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13-1 LETS PRACTICE

Do you want to _________

talk about
buying a new house?
_______

talk about
buy

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13-1 LETS PRACTICE

Would you consider

_______ ______
giving us
less homework this week?

consider
give

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13-2 GO + -ING

Its a beautiful day.

Lets go canoeing.

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13-2 GO + -ING

(a) Did you go skydiving yesterday?

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13-2 GO + -ING

(a) Did you go skydiving yesterday?

(b) We went camping on the beach.

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13-2 GO + -ING

(a) These guys are going skydiving soon.

(b) We went camping on the beach.
(c) Larry hasnt gone skiing lately.

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13-2 GO + -ING

(a) Did you go skydiving yesterday?

(b) We went camping on the beach.
(c) Larry hasnt gone skiing lately.

go + gerund
certain expressions about activities
INCORRECT: I like to go to dancing.
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13-2 LETS PRACTICE

go ________.
fishing
Mr. Anders loves to ___
go
fish

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13-2 LETS PRACTICE

go ________.
dancing
My parents love to ___
go
dance

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13-3 VERB + INFINITIVE

I expected you to be here

an hour ago.

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13-3 VERB + INFINITIVE

(a) I hope to graduate

this year.

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13-3 VERB + INFINITIVE

(a) I hope to graduate this year

(b) He intends to study hard this year.

to + simple form of verb = AN INFINITIVE

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13-3 VERB + INFINITIVE

(a) I hope to graduate this year

(b) He intends to study hard this year.
(c) She decided not to attend medical school.
negative = not + infinitive

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13-3 LETS PRACTICE

At their wedding, they ________

promised ___
to ____
stay
together forever.
promise
stay

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13-3 LETS PRACTICE

go on a cruise,
I _____
would _____
love _____
to _____
but I cant afford it.
would love
go

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13-3 LETS PRACTICE

I ______
see
___
to ___
be out of money.
m
seem
be

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13-4 VERB + GERUND OR INFINITIVE

I love to go
fishing with
my dad.

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13-4 VERB + GERUND OR INFINITIVE

(a) All of a sudden, it began raining.

(b) All of a sudden, it began to rain.

some
verbs

gerund
or
infinitive
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13-4 LETS PRACTICE

hate
wait

hate ___
to _____
wait in line.
I _____
hate _______
waiting in line.
I _____

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13-4 LETS PRACTICE

begin
study

began __________
studying yesterday, but I quit.
I ______
began _____
to _____
study yesterday, but I quit.
I _____
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13-5 PREPOSITION + GERUND

She is nervous about

testifying at the trial.

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13-5 PREPOSITION + GERUND

(a) Some people are afraid of driving.

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13-5 PREPOSITION + GERUND

(a) Some people are afraid of driving.

(b) Alex is responsible for leading our team
project.

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13-5 PREPOSITION + GERUND

(a) Some people are afraid of driving.

(b) Alex is responsible for leading our team
project.
(c) She apologized for being
rude to her mom.

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13-5 LETS PRACTICE

teaching math.
Angie is good ___
at (teach) ________

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13-5 LETS PRACTICE

They are planning ____

studying
on (study) __________
all afternoon for the test.

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13-5 LETS PRACTICE

They are excited ______

starting
about (start) _______
their new project.

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13-6 USING BY AND WITH TO EXPRESS HOW

SOMETHING IS DONE

It takes six hours to get from

Baltimore to Seattle by air.

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13-6 USING BY AND WITH TO EXPRESS HOW

SOMETHING IS DONE

(a) You turn on the microwave by selecting the

number of minutes and pressing the ON button.

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13-6 USING BY AND WITH TO EXPRESS HOW

SOMETHING IS DONE

(a) You turn on the microwave by selecting the

number of minutes and pressing the ON button.
By + a gerund

how something
is done

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13-6 USING BY AND WITH TO EXPRESS HOW

SOMETHING IS DONE

(b) I love travelling by train.

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13-6 USING BY AND WITH TO EXPRESS HOW

SOMETHING IS DONE

(b) I love travelling by train.

(c) Many people eat with chopsticks.

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13-6 USING BY AND WITH TO EXPRESS HOW

SOMETHING IS DONE

(b) I love travelling by train.

(c) Many people eat with chopsticks.
by
OR

with

+ noun

how something
is done

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13-6 LETS PRACTICE

Some people in London get around

by double-decker bus.
___

by
with

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13-6 LETS PRACTICE

Most students dont write their

by hand anymore.
reports _____

by
with

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13-6 LETS PRACTICE

Floors can be cleaned _____

with a mop.

by
with

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13-7 USING GERUNDS AS SUBJECTS; USING IT +

INFINITIVE

Riding a motorcycle
can be exciting.

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13-7 USING GERUNDS AS SUBJECTS; USING IT +

INFINITIVE

(a) Riding motorcycles is dangerous.

same
meaning
(b) It is dangerous to ride motorcycles.

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13-7 USING GERUNDS AS SUBJECTS; USING IT +

INFINITIVE

(c) Visiting other countries is fun.

gerund
a gerund is singular

subject
verb is singular

(d) It is fun to visit other countries.

it
it

subject
to visit other countries

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13-7 LETS PRACTICE

Gerund as subject

It is important to do well in school.

Doing well in school is important.
________________

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13-7 LETS PRACTICE

Gerund as subject

It can be helpful to study with a friend.

Studying
with a friend can be helpful
_____________________________.

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13-7 LETS PRACTICE

Gerund as subject

Is it scary to climb mountains?

climbing mountains is scary
Yes, _______________________.

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13-8 IT + INFINITIVE: USING FOR (SOMEONE)

It is a good idea for

everyone to get a flu shot.

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13-8 IT + INFINITIVE: USING FOR (SOMEONE)

(a) You should get a flu shot.

(b) It is necessary forsimilar
you to get a flu shot.
meaning

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13-8 IT + INFINITIVE: USING FOR (SOMEONE)

(a) You should get a flu shot.

(b) It is necessary for you to get a flu shot.
(c) He should be careful.
(d) It is important for him to be careful.

it is + adjective + for (someone) + infinitive

phrase
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13-8 IT + INFINITIVE: USING FOR (SOMEONE)

(e) We dont have to go to work today.

(f) It isnt necessary for us to go to work today.

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13-8 IT + INFINITIVE: USING FOR (SOMEONE)

(e) We dont have to go to work today.

(f) It isnt necessary for us to go to work today.
(g) A dog cant drive a car.
(h) It is impossible for a dog to drive a car.

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13-8 LETS PRACTICE

World leaders should be honest.

for world leaders to be honest
It is important ________________________.

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13-8 LETS PRACTICE

In some cultures, brides wear red.

In some cultures, it is appropriate
___________________.
for brides to wear red

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13-8 LETS PRACTICE

Snakes cant run.

for snakes to run
It is impossible _______________.

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13-9 EXPRESSING PURPOSE WITH IN ORDER TO AND

FOR

I am going to college in order to

get a good education.

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13-9 EXPRESSING PURPOSE WITH IN ORDER TO AND

FOR

- Why are you going to college?

(a) I am going to college because I
want a good education.
(b) I am going to college in order to
get a good education.
(c) I am going to college to get a
good education.

same
meaning

in order
frequently
omitted
In order to
purpose
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13-9 EXPRESSING PURPOSE WITH IN ORDER TO AND

FOR

(d) I am going to college for an education.

for

purpose

preposition

noun

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13-9 EXPRESSING PURPOSE WITH IN ORDER TO AND

FOR

(d) I am going to college for an education.

(e) I am going to college to get an education.
INCORRECT:

I am going to college for to get an education.

INCORRECT:

I am going to college for getting an education.

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13-9 LETS PRACTICE

CORRECT

OR

INCORRECT

I went to the ATM in order to withdraw money.

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13-9 LETS PRACTICE

CORRECT

OR

INCORRECT

I went to the ATM for to withdraw money.

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13-9 LETS PRACTICE

CORRECT

OR

INCORRECT

I went to the ATM for withdrawing money.

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13-10 USING INFINITIVES WITH TOO AND ENOUGH

This dessert is too delicious

to resist.

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13-10 USING INFINITIVES WITH TOO AND ENOUGH

TOO + ADJECTIVE + (FOR SOMEONE) + INFINITIVE

(a) Hang gliding is

(b) Hang gliding is
(c) Hang gliding is

too scary
to try.
too scary for me to try.
too scary for Sue to try.

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13-10 USING INFINITIVES WITH TOO AND ENOUGH

Hang gliding is
too scary to try.

too + adjective

Dont even
think of
trying it.

negative result
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13-10 USING INFINITIVES WITH TOO AND ENOUGH

COMPARE

Hang gliding is too scary. I cant do it.

Flying is very scary, but I can do it.

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13-10 USING INFINITIVES WITH TOO AND ENOUGH

ENOUGH + NOUN + INFINITIVE

(d) I dont have enough time to mop the floor.

(e) Do you have enough time to do it?

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13-10 USING INFINITIVES WITH TOO AND ENOUGH

ADJECTIVE + ENOUGH + INFINITIVE

(f)

Im not strong
enough to mop
the floor.

(g) Are you strong enough to do it?

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13-10 LETS PRACTICE

I am too clumsy. I cant be a waitress.

too clumsy to be a waitress
I am ______________________.

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13-10 LETS PRACTICE

These shoes are too small for me.

big enough for me
These shoes arent ________________.

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13-10 LETS PRACTICE

Hang gliding takes a lot of courage.

enough courage to try it.
I dont have ______________

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