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Networking
What is a Network ?
A Network is formed by
connecting computers
together.
Forming a Network
Basic Equipment Needed
Network Card
Network Cable
Cable Connector
Network Topologies
Bus
Token
Ring
Star
FDDI
Bus Topology
Backbone Cable
132.147.160.101 132.147.160.102
132.147.160.103
132.147.160.104
132.147.160.105
Server
132.147.160.106
Low Speed 4
MBPs
Cable-break Tolerant
Single Token
IEEE802.5
Star Topology
Hub
12.47.213.6
Windows NT
Cable-break Tolerant
Multiple Tokens
Second Fail-safe ring
Access Methods
CSMA/CD
CSMA/CA
Token Passing
Demand Priority
Each computer on the network senses whether the cable is free before
transmitting data
No other computer can transmit till the data has reached the destination,and
the cable is free again.
If two computers transmit at the same time, a collision occurs and both wait
for a random time before re-transmitting.
Collision Detection capability imposes a distance restriction. If the sender is
too far away, then the others cannot make out its signal, an may transmit
their data, leading to a collision.
With more computers, the traffic and the collisions increase, slowing down
the network.
Re-transmissions may collide with other transmissions complicating the
matter.
Thus it is a slow access method.
Uses a Token
A special type of packet, or token is generated.
This token is circulated from computer to computer in a given
direction.Only one token can exist at one time.
When any computer needs to send data to another, it must wait for a free
token
Once token is captured, Data is transmitted in frames.
Frame travels around the network, the destination computer reads it and
marks the status field. When it reaches the sender, the status field serves as
an acknowledgement for data.
The sending computer then removes the frame and transmits a new token
back onto the ring.
When a token is being used by a computer, others cannot transmit data.
Thus there is no contention..
Speeds are 4MBPs and 16 MBPs only
Ethernet Networks
Non-proprietary Industry Standard
Conform to IEEE 802.3 specification
Use CSMA/CD Access method to regulate traffic
Can use Star and Bus Topologies
Supports transfer speeds of 10 and 100 MBPs
Can use Thicknet, Thinnet and UTP Cables
Cabling Standards
10BaseT standard for UTP networks
10Base2 standard for Thinnet networks
10Base5 standard for Thick Ethernet
Networks
100BaseVG-AnyLAN
100BaseX
Ethernet Components
Ethernet Port
RJ-45 Jack
10Base5
10BaseT
Topology
Bus
Bus
Star, Bus
Cable Type
Connection
AUI connector
RJ-45 Connector
Terminator
50 OHM
50 OHM
NA
Impedance
50 Ohms
50 Ohms
500 metres
100 metres
2.5 metres
NA
100
10Base2 Standard
10Base2
10Base5
10BaseT
Topology
Bus
Bus
Star, Bus
Cable Type
Connection
AUI connector
RJ-45 Connector
Terminator
50 OHM
50 OHM
NA
Impedance
50 Ohms
50 Ohms
500 metres
100 metres
2.5 metres
NA
100
Protocols
TCP / IP
Netware
Peer to Peer
Networking Components
Hubs
Switches
Bridges
Routers
Gateways
Hub
Switch
Bridge
Hub
Bridge
Sends packets between dissimilar
networks
12.47.213.6
Windows NT
132.147.160.106
UNIX
Router
Routerr
Hub
Routerr
Hub
Digital Microwave
2MBPs
Mumbai
Router
Router
OFC Cable 15MBPs
Phone 64KBPs
Baroda
Routers
Have Input ports for receiving IP Packets
Have Output ports for sending IP Packets
Have a routing Table (database of IP addresses)
Route packets dynamically depending on amount
of network traffic on the different routes
Have Internal routing protocols for Intranet routing
Have External routing protocols for Internet routing
Based on routing info the packet is sent to the
specific output port, which then sends information to
the next closest router
= Internet Protocol
Address Resolution
Protocol
Simple Network
Management Protocol
Message
TCP
Senders Computer
Router
Router
TCP
Message
Receivers Computer
Receivers IP
Senders IP address
address
Serial Number
Checksum
has
Users message
HEADER
BODY
IP Addresses
Each Computer on the Internet has an IP address like the one below...
10 . 3 . 215 . 230
Network
Node
RAILNET
INTERNET
INTERNET
Baroda
Router
Router
Proxy
Server
Router
WR HQ
Mumbai
Thank You