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CHAPTER1

HumanBiology,Science,
andSociety

TheCharacteristicsofLife
Howarelivingthingsdifferentfromnonliving
things?
Livingthings:
Requireenergyandrawmaterials
Arecomposedofcells
Maintainhomeostasis
Respondtoenvironment
Growandreproduce
Arecapableofevolving
Copyright2001BenjaminCummings,animprintof

Slide1.1

AFiveKingdomClassification
Monera:

singlecelledprokaryotes

Animalia: eukaryoticanimals,heterotrophs
Plantae:

eukaryotic,photosyntheticplants

Fungi:

eukaryotic,decomposers
(fungi,yeast,mushrooms)

Protista:

eukaryoticprotoza,algae,slime
molds

Copyright2001BenjaminCummings,animprintof

Slide1.2

PrinciplesofEvolution
DarwinsPrinciplesofNaturalSelection
KnowthesefourobservationsofDarwininhisbookOriginoftheSpecies,1859
One:Individualmembersofaspeciesshowvariationfromoneanother.Theyare
bornwiththesevariations(justthinkofhowalitterofpuppiesvary,oneisthe
runt,oneisthemostintelligent,etc.)
Two:Organismsproducemanymoreoffspringthanwillsurvivetoreproduce.
Three:Thissetsupacompetitionforresourceslikefood.Individualsbornwith
variationsthatgivethemsomeadvantageoverothersaremorelikelytosurvive.
Four:Thesurvivorslivetoreproduceandpasstheiradaptationsforsurvivalto
theiroffspring.
Thisresultsinindividualsmoreadaptedtotheirenvironment:theprincipleof
adaptation
Theenvironmentselectsthebestadaptedindividualsforsurvival:theprincipleof
naturalselection.

Copyright2001BenjaminCummings,animprintof

Homeostasis
Themostimportantprincipleofhuman
biology
Nameliterallymeanssamestaying
Mechanismtobalancebodysystems
Example:Whenwearehot,theincreased
temperatureisnoticedbythehypothalamus
(partofbrain),itsendssignalstothesweat
glandstosweatandthebloodvesselstodilate.
Result:bodytemp.comesdown.
Copyright2001BenjaminCummings,animprintof

Homeostasis,cont.
ThisisanexampleofaNEGATIVEFEEDBACKsystem.The
thingsthathappenareoppositetothepresentconditionsi.e.the
sweatglandswereproducingsweatandthenegativefeedbackisto
turnthemoff
LaterinthecoursewewillseeexamplesofPOSITIVEFEEDBACK
Whyishomeostasissoimportant?
Itexplainsandallowsustounderstanddiseaseandhealth.When
thehomeostasismechanismisdisrupted,itcausesproblems
Starttothinkhomeostaticallyfortherestofthecourse.
Askyourselfquestionslike,Whatwouldhappenifthispartofthe
homeostaticmechanismwasdisrupted?Arethereother
homeostaticmechanismsthatwouldstepintohelpreturnthe
bodytoastateofhealth?

Copyright2001BenjaminCummings,animprintof

DefiningFeaturesofHumans
Bipedalismbutotherprimatesdothissometime
Opposablethumbsotherprimateshavethis,too.
Largebrainsodomarinemammals
Capacityforlanguageotherprimates,tooand
whales&dolphinsuselanguage
Capacityforculture(setsusapartfromallother
organisms
Copyright2001BenjaminCummings,animprintof

Slide1.3

LevelsofBiologicalOrganization
Atomandmolecule
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organsystem

Copyright2001BenjaminCummings,animprintof

Slide1.4A

LevelsofBiologicalOrganization(cont.)

Copyright2001BenjaminCummings,animprintof

Figure1.7
Slide1.4B

LevelsofBiologicalOrganization(cont.)
Organism
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere

Copyright2001BenjaminCummings,animprintof

Slide1.5A

LevelsofBiologicalOrganization(cont.)

Copyright2001BenjaminCummings,animprintof

Figure1.7cont.
Slide1.5B

TheScientificMethod

Copyright2001BenjaminCummings,animprintof

Figure1.8
Slide1.6

StepsintheScientificMethod
Observeandgeneralize
Formulateahypothesis
Makeatestableprediction
Experimentorobserve
Modifythehypothesisas
necessaryandrepeat

Copyright2001BenjaminCummings,animprintof

Slide1.7

WaystoDisseminateFindings
Peerreviewedjournals
Popularpress
Electronicpublications

Copyright2001BenjaminCummings,animprintof

Slide1.8

Hypothesisvs.Theory
Forahypothesistobecomeatheoryitmust:
Bebroad
Beextensivelytested
Besupportedovertime
Explainabroadrangeoffacts
Haveahighdegreeofreliability
Theoriesmayberefutedinthefuture
Copyright2001BenjaminCummings,animprintof

Slide1.9

LearningtobeaCriticalThinker
Becomeaskeptic
Appreciatethevalueofstatistics
Learntoreadgraphs
Distinguishanecdotesfromscientificevidence
Separatefactsfromconclusions
Understandthedifferencesbetweencorrelation
andcausation

Copyright2001BenjaminCummings,animprintof

Slide1.10

TheRoleofScienceinSociety
Scienceimprovestechnologyandthehuman
condition
Sciencehaslimits
Makinginformedchoices

Copyright2001BenjaminCummings,animprintof

Slide1.11

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