CHAPTER 1

WAVES

WAVE MOTION
First
situation

A boy kicks a ball and the ball accidentally hits and breaks the glass
window producing noise. In this case, energy is transferred from the
source (the boy) to the receiver (the glass window) by the matter
(the ball). The noise we hear from the breaking glass is due to the
energy transferred to our ears by sound

wave.

WAVE MOTION
Second
situation

When we throw a stone into a pond, a ripple spreads out in an expanding

circle from the source of disturbance. In this case, energy is
transferred from the source (the stone) to the receiver (the
cork) without involving the transfer of matter (the water). The
movement of cork we see because of

water wave.

Wave motion
There are two ways of transferring energy:

Motion of objects

Motion by waves

LONGITUDINAL and
TRANVERSE WAVES

WAVEFRONT Lines joining all

the
points of the same phase

DIRECTION of PROPAGATION of
WAVES
The wavefronts of a transverse wave and
longitudinal wave are perpendicular to the
direction of propagation of the waves.

Group activity:- (Find partner)

Try to find meaning for this terms:1. Wavelength
2. Amplitude
3. Frequency
4. Wave speed
5. Period
6. The relationship between speed, wavelength
and frequency.

Group activity:- (Find partner)

Try to find meaning for this terms:1. Wavelength the distance between two
adjacent points of the same phase on a wave.
2. Amplitude- maximum displacement from its equilibrium
position
3. Frequency- The number of waves produced in one unit time.
4. Wave speed the measurement of how fast a crest is
moving from fixed point.
5. Period- time taken for an oscillation to complete one cycle
6. The relationship between speed, wavelength
and frequency. - Velocity = wavelength x frequency

TRANVERSE WAVES

Particles in the medium vibrate in a direction perpendicular to the

direction of wave travel.

LONGITUDINAL WAVES

Particles in the medium vibrate in a direction parallel to the

direction of wave travel.

REFRESHER
Differences between transverse wave and a
longitudinal wave

Type of wave
Transverse
wave
Longitudinal
Wave

Direction of vibration
in relation to direction
of propagation

Examples

REFRESHER
Differences between transverse wave and a
longitudinal wave

Type of wave

Direction of vibration
in relation to direction
of propagation

Examples

Transverse
wave

Perpendicular

Water wave

Longitudinal
Wave

Parallel

Light wave
Electromagnetic wave

Sound wave

QUESTION
1. In an experiment, Aziz observes that a

simple pendulum completes 30

oscillations in 48.0 seconds. What is
a) the period of oscillation?
b) the frequency of oscillation?
string

bob

Solution:a) Period, T =

Time taken
Number of complete oscillation
=
48.0
30
=
1.6 s
b) Frequency, = 1/ T
= 1/ 1.6
= 0.625 Hz

QUESTION
2. The displacement-distance graph in
below shows the motion of a transverse
wave. The source of the wave produces
10 complete waves in one second.
Displacement,
s (cm)

0
-6

25

Distance, d (cm)
a. Calculate the amplitude
b. Calculate the wavelength
c.

Calculate speed of the

Solution:a) Amplitude, A = 6 cm
b) Wavelength, = 4/5 x 25 cm

= 20 cm
c) Frequency, = 10 Hz
Speed, v =
Displacement,
s (cm)
= 10 x 20
6
= 200 cm s-1
0
-6

25

Distance, d (cm)

Damping
and
Resonance

Oscillation of a simple pendulum

Oscillation of a simple pendulum

Oscillation of a simple pendulum

Oscillation of a simple pendulum

Oscillation of a simple pendulum

Oscillation of a simple pendulum

A
O

Lets we refer page 6 (Practical Book) Experiment 1.3

Why not we try to do that activity?

DAMPING (Pelembapan)
The amplitude of oscillation of the simple
pendulum will gradually decrease and
become zero when the oscillation stops.
The decrease in the amplitude of an
oscillating system is called damping.

Why Damping happens:a) External Damping

System loss of energy to overcome

frictional forces or air resistance.
b) Internal Damping
System loss of energy due to the
extension and compression of molecules
in the system.

Resonance (Resonans)
(Resonans)
Resonance
Barton s Pendulum
Rope

Pendulum

Retort

A
D

stand

Resonance
To enable an oscillating system to go on
continuously, an external force must be applied to
the system
1. External force
Supplies energy to the system
2. Natural frequency
Without the action of an external force
3. Resonance
Resonance occur when frequency by external
force equivalent to natural frequency of system and
produce maximum amplitude. At this time, energy from
outside will be transfer to oscillating system.

Phenomena of waves
1. Reflection of waves
2. Refraction of waves
3. Diffraction of waves
4. Interference of waves

Phenomena of waves

Reflection of waves

LAWS OF REFLECTION
The angle of incidence =The angle of reflection
2. The incidence wave, the reflected wave and the
normal lie in the same plane which is
perpendicular to the reflecting surface.
1.

PATTERN OF REFLECTED WAVES

CHARACTERISTIC OF WAVES
Reflected wave

Direction of
reflected waves

Direction of
incident waves

Incident wave

ANGLE OF
INCEDENCE (i)

00

ANGLE OF
REFLECTION (r)

00

WAVELENGHT

DO NOT
CHANGE

FREQUENCY

DO NOT
CHANGE

SPEED OF WAVES

DO NOT
CHANGE

DIRECTION OF
PROPAGATION

CHANGE

Applications of reflection of waves in Daily life

Safety

Mirrors of a car

Motor car lamps

Defence

Periscope

Medication

Optical fibre

Telecommunications

1. Optical fibres in a cable

2. Infrared waves from a remote control

QUESTION
1.

Which of the following quantities of a wave changes

after reflection?
A. Frequency B. Wavelength C. Speed D. Direction of propagation

2. Which of the following are applications of reflection of

waves
I Radar
II Ultrasonic imaging
III Sonar
A I only
C I and III only
B III only
D I,II and III

Phenomena of waves

Refraction of waves
- Any types of wave can be refracted
- Refracted can change of direction
- Refraction occur when the speed of a wave changes, as it moves
from one medium to another

Refraction of waves
1. Refraction of plane water waves
2. Refraction of light
3. Refraction of sound waves

Refraction of plane water waves

Water waves undergo refraction when they are
slow down.
Refraction can change of speed and wavelength
of the waves.
Water waves travel faster (with higher velocity) on
the surface of deep water than they do on shallow
water.
If water waves are passing from deep water into
shallow water, they will slow down. Speed and
wavelength will decrease.
The change in speed of the wave causes
refraction.

Refraction of plane water waves

v1

Deep
water

v2

Shallow
water

V1 > v2

Water waves travel slower in shallow water

Deep
water

1 > 2

HOME WORK
Complete this given table)
ANGLE OF INCEDENCE (i)
ANGLE OF REFRACTION (r)
WAVELENGHT
FREQUENCY
SPEED OF WAVES
DIRECTION OF PROPAGATION

HOME WORK
(Answer)
ANGLE OF INCEDENCE (i)

x0

ANGLE OF REFRACTION (r)

y0

WAVELENGHT

Change

FREQUENCY

Do not change

SPEED OF WAVES

Change

DIRECTION OF PROPAGATION

Do not Change

Phenomena of waves

Diffraction of waves
- Diffraction involves a change in the direction of waves as they
pass through an opening or around an obstacle .
- Water waves have ability to travel around corners, around
obstacles and through opening.
-The spreading of waves around corners, around obstacles and
through opening is called

diffraction.

The diffraction of water waves

Do you still have problem to

understand about diffraction of waves?
Read this paragraph.
Diffraction involves a change in direction of waves as they pass
through an opening or around a barrier in their path. Water waves
have the ability to travel around corners, around obstacles and
through openings. This ability is most obvious for water waves with
longer wavelengths. Diffraction can be demonstrated by placing
small barriers and obstacles in a ripple tank and observing the path
of the water waves as they encounter the obstacles. The waves are
seen to pass around the barrier into the regions behind it;
subsequently the water behind the barrier is disturbed. The amount
of diffraction (the sharpness of the bending) increases with
increasing wavelength and decreases with decreasing wavelength.
In fact, when the wavelength of the waves are smaller than the
obstacle, no noticeable diffraction occurs.

A few figure show about phenomena of

diffraction of water waves

Incident
Waves

V1

Spreading
Waves

V2

Try to find answer!!!!

(Complete this given table)
WAVELENGHT
FREQUENCY
SPEED OF WAVES

Read this paragraph and try to get differences with

reflection, refraction and diffraction
Reflection, refraction and diffraction
are all boundary behaviors of waves
associated with the bending of the
path of the wave. The bending of the
path is an observable behavior
when the medium is a two- or threedimensional medium. Reflection
occurs when there is a bouncing off
of a barrier. Reflection of waves off
straight barriers follows the law of
reflection. Reflection of waves off
parabolic barriers results in the
convergence of the waves at a focal
point. Refraction is the change in
direction of waves which occurs
when waves travel from one
medium to another; refraction is
always accompanied by a
wavelength and speed change.
Diffraction is the bending of waves
around obstacles and openings; the
amount of diffraction increases with
increasing wavelength.

Figure A

Figure C

Figure B

Try to find answer!!!!

(Complete this given table differences between
reflection, Refraction and Diffraction)
Reflection
WAVELENGHT
FREQUENCY
SPEED OF
WAVES

Refraction

Diffraction

Phenomena of waves

Interference of waves
Principle of superposition:Simulations of superposition of waves

Principle of superposition
A

Lets us consider two

waves A and B, A moves
towards the right, and B
move towards the left. What
will be happen when this
two waves meet each
other?
Wave interference is the
phenomena which occurs
when two wave meet while
traveling propagating along
the same medium.

or
Figure 1.5.1
( Two crests are moving in opposite direction)

When the two waves are

superposed, interference
will occur.

How does interference occur?

Two
crest
meet
Each
other

Two
troughs
meet
Each
other

Interference of waves
(There are two types of interference)
1. Constructive interference

Interference of waves
(There are two types of interference)
2. Destructive
interference

Pattern of interference from two

sources of vibration coherent
antinodal lines

antinodal lines

Nodal lines

Nodal lines
A

B
D

S1

Antinodes place that constructive

interference occurs

S2

Nodes place that destructive

interference occurs

Youngs Formula
=ax
D

To understand this Youngs

Formula, refer example 1.2 in
your text book page 26.

- Wavelength
a Distance between two sources of wave
X - the separation between two adjacent nodes or antinodes
D - Perpendicular distance between waves source
to the position where x is measured

1.6 SOUND WAVES

How is sound waves produced?

Sound waves are

produced when vibrating
object causes the air
molecules around it to
vibrate.

Sound wave are longitudinal waves

A series of compressions and rarefactions will produce sound.
The particles in the air vibrate backward and forward in the
direction parallel to the direction of propagation of the sound
wave.

Propagation of sound

Loudness and Pitch

Discuss with your partner and try to get
relationship between
Loudness and amplitude
Pitch and frequency
Try to identify answer for activity 1.6.3
( Page 32)

Applications of sound waves

Ultrasonic spectacles
Sonar
Ultrasound scanner

1.7 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

Homework?
1. How the electromagnetic waves

produced?
2. Draw electromagnetic spectrum?
3. Find applications of electromagnetic
waves?

How the electromagnetic waves produced?

When you watch television, listen to the radio

or cook something in a microwave oven, you are
using electromagnetic waves
Electromagnetic waves are propagating waves
in space with electric and magnetic components.
These components oscillate at right angle to
each other and to the direction of propagation.
Electromagnetic waves are produced when a
charged particles (electron or nucleus) oscillates.

Electromagnetic spectrum
The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of
frequencies and wavelengths over which
electromagnetic wave are propagated.

Transverse
wave
Do not require a
medium
To propagate and
can travel
In a vacuum

Energy is transferred
By the waves

Are electrically
neutral

Properties of
electromagnetic
wave

Undergo the same phenomena

As light: reflection, refraction,
diffraction and interference

In a vacuum, the waves

Travel at the speed of light,
C = 3 x 108 ms-1

Sources and Applications of

electromagnetic waves in daily life

QUIZ
1. At an airport, a scanner is used to

examine passengers baggage

The scanner is using
A. microwave
B. Infrared waves
C. X-ray
D. Gamma rays

Quiz
2. Peter shouts loudly in front of a concrete wall.
After 1.4 s , he heard the echo of his voice. If the
speed of sound in air is 330ms-1, find the
distance between peter and wall.
A. 110 m
Formula to determine
phenomena of the reflection
B. 231 m
of sound waves are:
C. 308 m
d = tv/2
D. 462 m
E. 924 m

Quiz
3. A monochromatic light source with a
wavelength of 600 nm is used in a Youngs
double-slit experiment. A series of
interference fringes is produced on a
screen placed at a distance of 2.5 m from
the two slits. What is the distance between
the two slits if the distance between two
consecutive dark fringes is 1.2 mm?