Hydraulic Turbine

ANDRI

Transfer Function

HARYONO

Introduction
Water Turbine
Modeling

Contents

Hydroelectric power
(often called hydropower) is
considered a renewable
energy source. A
renewable energy source is
one that is not depleted
(used up) in the production
of energy. Through
hydropower, the energy in
falling water is converted
into electricity without
using up the water.

Definition

Potential
Energy

Electrical
Energy
Electricity

Kinetic
Energy

Mechanical
Energy

Hydropower to Electric
4

Flowing water is directed

at a turbine (remember
turbines are just
advanced waterwheels).
The flowing water causes
the turbine to rotate,
converting the waters
kinetic energy into
mechanical energy.

Hydroelectric Power

The mechanical energy produced by the turbine is converted into

electric energy using a turbine generator. Inside the generator, the
shaft of the turbine spins a magnet inside coils of copper wire. It is a
fact of nature that moving a magnet near a conductor causes an
electric current.

Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

World Trends in Hydropower

IEA.org

World hydro production

Year

Max
Generation

2009

18,200 MW

Annual
Production

Name

Country

Three Gorges

China

Itaip

Brazil/Paragua
y

1983

12,600 MW

93.4 TWhrs

Guri

Venezuela

1986

10,200 MW

46 TW-hrs

1942/80

6,809 MW

22.6 TWhrs

Grand Coulee

United States

Sayano Shushenskaya

Russia

1983

6,400 MW

Robert-Bourassa

5,616 MW

Churchill Falls

Canada
1981
Ranked by maximum power.
Canada
1971

Iron Gates

Romania/Serbi
a

Hydroelectricity, Wikipedia.org

1970

5,429 MW

35 TW-hrs

2,280 MW

11.3 TWhrs

Worlds Largest Dams

Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 200

low-head (less than 100 feet)

medium-head (100 to 800 feet)
high-head (800 or more feet)

Types of Hydroelectric
10

High Head

http://www.ishan-international.com/hydro-powerplants.html

Medium Head

Example

Low Head

Introduction
Water Turbine
Modeling

Contents

Reaction
Turbines
Derive power
1.

2.

3.

4.

from pressure
drop across
turbine

Totally
immersed in
water

Angular & linear

motion
converted to
shaft power
Propeller,
Francis, and
Kaplan turbines

Classification of Hydro

Impulse
Turbines

1.

3.

Convert kinetic
energy of water
jet hitting
buckets

2.

No pressure drop
across turbines

Pelton, Turgo,
and crossflow
turbines

Classification of Hydro

Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 20

Kaplan
Francis
Pelton
Turgo

2 < H < 40
10 < H < 350
50 < H < 1300
50 < H < 250
(H = head in meters)

Turbine Design Ranges

15

Types of Hydropower

Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2

16
nd

edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

"Water Turbine," Wikipedia.com

Francis Turbine Grand Coulee Dam

17

"Water Turbine," Wikipedia.com

Fixed-Pitch Propeller Turbine

18

"Water Turbine," Wikipedia.com

Kaplan Turbine Schematic

19

Introduction
Water Turbine
Modeling

Contents

velocity of water in the

penstock
turbine mechanical power
acceleration of water
column

The representation of the hydraulic turbine and water

column in stability studies usually assumes that (a) the
penstock is inelastic, (b) the water is incompressible,
and (c) hydraulic resistance is negligible

Modeling

U K uG H

where
U = water velocity
G = gate position
H = hydraulic head at gate
Ku = a constant of proportionality

The turbine mechanical power is proportional to the

product of pressure and flow; hence,

Pm KpHU

Mechanical Power

Change in turbine mechanical power following a unit step

increase in gate position

Power Over time

The acceleration of water column due

to a change in head at the turbine,
characterized by Newton's second
law of motion, may be expressed as
where
L = length of conduit
A = pipe area
d U
= mass density
LA
A a g H
dt
ag = acceleration due to gravity
LA = mass of water in the
conduit
agH = incremental change in
pressure at
turbine gate

Acceleration

Governor with transient droop compensation

Mechanical Governor

Mechanical Governor

There are two important considerations in

the selection of governor settings:
Stable operation during system
islanding conditions or isolated
operation; and
Acceptable speed of response for
loading and unloading under normal
synchronous operation
For stable operation under islanding
conditions, the optimum choice of the
temporary droop RT and reset time TR are
as follows:
For
satisfactory loading rates, the reset
time TR should be less than 1.0 s, preferably
close to 0.5 s.

R T 2.3 Tw 1.0 0.15

TR 5.0 Tw 1.0 0.5 Tw

Electro-Hydraulic Governor

Tw
TM

Conclusions

References

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