Network Architectures-The OSI Model

NETWORK ARCHITECTURE 1
OSI Model

Open Systems Interconnection

(OSI) Model
International standard organization (ISO) established a
committee in 1977 to develop an architecture for
computer communication.
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model is
the result of this effort.
In 1984, the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
reference model was approved as an international
standard for communications architecture.
Term “open” denotes the ability to connect any two
systems which conform to the reference model and
associated standards.

NETWORK ARCHITECTURE 2
Note:

ISO is the organization.

OSI is the model

NETWORK ARCHITECTURE 3
OSI Model

Why Layer Architecture needed

Layer architecture simplifies the network design.
It is easy to debug network applications in a layered
architecture network.
The network management is easier due to the
layered architecture.
Network layers follow a set of rules, called protocol.
The protocol defines the format of the data being
exchanged, and the control and timing for the
handshake between layers.

NETWORK ARCHITECTURE 4
OSI Model

OSI Reference Model

The OSI model is now considered the primary
Architectural model for inter-computer
communications.
The OSI model describes how information or data
makes its way from application programmes (such as
spreadsheets) through a network medium (such as
wire) to another application programme located on
another network.
The OSI reference model divides the problem of
moving information between computers over a network
medium into SEVEN smaller and more manageable
problems .
This separation into smaller more manageable
functions is known as layering.
NETWORK ARCHITECTURE 5
The Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model (OSI
Reference Model or OSI Model) is an abstract description for layered
communications and computer network protocol design.

A layer is a collection of conceptually similar functions that provide

services to the layer above it and receives service from the layer
below it. On each layer an instance provides services to the
instances at the layer above and requests service from the layer
below.

NETWORK ARCHITECTURE 6
 Goals
The OSI model is used for two main reasons:

It divides the network communication process into

smaller and simpler components; thus aiding
component development, design and troubleshooting.

It provides a means by which changes in functionality

in one layer require changes in other layers

NETWORK ARCHITECTURE 7
OSI Model

OSI Reference Model: 7 Layers

NETWORK ARCHITECTURE 8
OSI Model

OSI: A Layered Network Model

The process of breaking up the functions or tasks of
networking into layers reduces complexity.
Each layer provides a service to the layer above it in the
protocol specification.
Each layer communicates with the same layer’s software or
hardware on other computers.
The lower 4 layers (transport, network, data link and physical —
Layers 4, 3, 2, and 1) are concerned with the flow of data from
end to end through the network.
The upper three layers of the OSI model (application,
presentation and session—Layers 7, 6 and 5) are orientated
more toward services to the applications.
Data is Encapsulated with the necessary protocol information
as it moves down the layers before network transit.

NETWORK ARCHITECTURE 9
NETWORK ARCHITECTURE 10
Figure 2.2 OSI layers

NETWORK ARCHITECTURE 11
Figure 2.3 An exchange using the OSI model

NETWORK ARCHITECTURE 12
NETWORK ARCHITECTURE 13
 OSI Model
Data Layer Function
unit
Host Data 7. Application Network process to application
layers
6. Presentation Data representation and encryption

5. Session Interhost communication

Segment 4. Transport End-to-end connections and

reliability
Media Packet 3. Network Path determination and
layers logical addressing
Frame 2. Data Link Physical addressing

Bit 1. Physical Media, signal and binary

transmission

NETWORK ARCHITECTURE 14
NETWORK ARCHITECTURE 15
NETWORK ARCHITECTURE 16
Upper Layers

Layers 7 through 4 comprise the upper layers of

the OSI protocol stack. They are more geared to
the type of application than the lower layers,
which are designed to move packets, no matter
what they contain, from one place to another.

Lower Layers
Layers 3 through 1 are responsible for moving
packets from the sending station to the receiving
station.

NETWORK ARCHITECTURE 17
 The Mnemonic:
“All Pretty Serious Teenagers Never Do Physics”

All People Seem To Need Data Process

NETWORK ARCHITECTURE 18
 The OSI Model
7. Application Layer
NNTP · SIP · SSI · DNS · FTP · Gopher · HTTP · NFS · NTP · SMPP · SMTP
· SNMP · Telnet (more)
6. Presentation Layer
MIME · XDR · SSL · TLS
5. Session Layer

Named Pipes · NetBIOS · SAP .Telnet, FTP, TFTP,NFS, SNMP, SMTP

4. Transport Layer
TCP · UDP · PPTP · L2TP · SCTP
3. Network Layer

IP · ICMP · IPsec · IGMP, IPX,MP, RIP,OSPF, EGP, NetBEUI, DLC,DECNet

2. Data Link Layer

ARP · CSLIP · SLIP · Frame Relay · ITU-T G.hn DLL
1. Physical Layer
RS-232 · V.35 · V.34 · I.430 · I.431 · T1 · E1 · 802.3 Ethernet · 10BASE-T ·
100BASE-TX · POTSNETWORK· SONET ARCHITECTURE
· DSL · 802.11a/b/g/n PHY · ITU-T G.hn 19
PHY
 PHYSICAL LAYER

• Physical characteristics of interfaces and media: It defines the

characteristics of the interface between the devices and the transmission
media.
• Representation of bits: The physical layer data consists of a stream of bits
without any interpretation. To be trasmitted,bits must be encoded into
signals-electrical or optical.
• Data rate: The transmission rate-the number of bits sent each second-is
also defined by the physical layer.
• Synchronization of bits: The sender and receiver not only must use the
same bit rate but also must be synchronized at the bit level. In other words,
the sender and receiver clocks must be synchronized.
• This layer conveys the bit stream - electrical impulse, light or radio signal --
through the network at the electrical and mechanical level. It provides the
hardware means of sending and receiving data on a carrier, including
defining cables, cards and physical aspects. Fast Ethernet, RS232, and
ATM are protocols with physical layer components.

NETWORK ARCHITECTURE 20
Figure 2.4 Physical layer

NETWORK ARCHITECTURE 21
 2 Data Link Layer
At this layer, data packets are encoded and decoded into bits. It furnishes
transmission protocol knowledge and management and handles errors in
the physical layer, flow control and frame synchronization. The data link
layer is divided into two sub layers: The Media Access Control (MAC)
layer and the Logical Link Control (LLC) layer. The MAC sub layer
controls how a computer on the network gains access to the data and
permission to transmit it. The LLC layer controls frame synchronization,
flow control and error checking.

Framing: The data link layer divides the stream of bits received from the
network layer into manageable data units called frames.

Flow control: DLL synchronizes data flow control.

Error control : it is achieved through trailer added to the end of the

frame.

Access control: when two or more devices are connected to the same

link, data linkNETWORK ARCHITECTURE

layer protocols are necessary to determine 22
Figure 2.5 Data link layer

NETWORK ARCHITECTURE 23
Figure 2.6 Hop-to-hop delivery

NETWORK ARCHITECTURE 24
OSI Model

Network Layer
Implements routing of frames (packets) through the
network.

Defines the most optimum path the packet should take

from the source to the destination
Defines logical addressing so that any endpoint can be
identified.
Handles congestion in the network.
Facilitates interconnection between heterogeneous
networks (Internetworking).
The network layer also defines how to fragment a packet
into smaller packets to accommodate different media.

NETWORK ARCHITECTURE 25
 continue
• This layer is responsible for source to destination delivery of a
packet possible across multiple network. The network layer
establishes the route between the sender and receiver across
switching points, which are typically routers. If all stations are
contained within a single network segment, then the routing
capability in this layer is not required.

• This layer provides switching and routing technologies, creating

logical paths, known as virtual circuits, for transmitting data from
node to node. Routing and forwarding are functions of this layer, as
well as addressing, internetworking, error handling, congestion
control and packet sequencing.

NETWORK ARCHITECTURE 26
Figure 2.8 Source-to-destination delivery

NETWORK ARCHITECTURE 27
Figure 2.7 Network layer

NETWORK ARCHITECTURE 28
OSI Model

Transport Layer
Purpose of this layer is to provide a reliable
mechanism for the exchange of data between two
processes in different computers.

Ensures that the data units are delivered error free.

Ensures that data units are delivered in sequence.
Ensures that there is no loss or duplication of data
units.
Provides connectionless or connection oriented
service.
Provides for the connection management.
Multiplex multiple connection
NETWORK over a single channel.
ARCHITECTURE 29
 continue
This layer is responsible for overall end-to-end validity and
integrity of the transmission. The lower layers may drop
packets, but the transport layer performs a sequence check on
the data and ensures that if a 12MB file is sent, the full 12MB is
received.

"OSI transport services" include layers 1 through 4, collectively

responsible for delivering a complete message or file from
sending to receiving station without error.

This layer provides transparent transfer of data between end

systems, or hosts, and is responsible for end-to-end error
recovery and flow control. It ensures complete data transfer by
segmentation and reassembly.

NETWORK ARCHITECTURE 30
Figure 2.10 Reliable process-to-process delivery of a message

NETWORK ARCHITECTURE 31
Figure 2.9 Transport layer

NETWORK ARCHITECTURE 32
OSI Model

Session Layer
Session layer provides mechanism for controlling the
dialogue between the two end systems. It defines how to
start, control and end conversations (called sessions)
between applications.
This layer requests for a logical connection to be
established on an end-user’s request.
Any necessary log-on or password validation is also
handled by this layer.
Session layer is also responsible for terminating the
connection.
This layer provides services like dialogue discipline which
can be full duplex or half duplex.
Session layer can also provide check-pointing mechanism
such that if a failure of some sort occurs between
checkpoints, all data canARCHITECTURE
NETWORK be retransmitted from the33last
checkpoint.
 Continue -
Provides coordination of the communications in an orderly manner. It
determines one-way or two-way communications and manages the dialog
between both parties; for example, making sure that the previous request
has been fulfilled before the next one is sent. It also marks significant
parts of the transmitted data with checkpoints to allow for fast recovery in
the event of a connection failure.

In practice, this layer is often not used or services within this layer are
sometimes incorporated into the transport layer.

This layer establishes, manages and terminates connections between

applications. The session layer sets up, coordinates, and terminates
conversations, exchanges, and dialogues between the applications at
each end. It deals with session and connection coordination.

NETWORK ARCHITECTURE 34
Figure 2.11 Session layer

NETWORK ARCHITECTURE 35
OSI Model

Presentation Layer
Presentation layer defines the format in which the
data is to be exchanged between the two
communicating entities.
Also handles data compression and data encryption
(cryptography).

NETWORK ARCHITECTURE 36
 Continue -

This layer provides independence from differences in data

representation (e.g., encryption) by translating from application to
network format, and vice versa. The presentation layer works to
transform data into the form that the application layer can accept. This
layer formats and encrypts data to be sent across a network, providing
freedom from compatibility problems. It is sometimes called the syntax
layer.

NETWORK ARCHITECTURE 37
Figure 2.12 Presentation layer

NETWORK ARCHITECTURE 38
 Application Layer
This layer supports application and end-user processes. Communication
partners are identified, quality of service is identified, user authentication
and privacy are considered, and any constraints on data syntax are
identified. Everything at this layer is application-specific. This layer
provides application services for file transfers, e-mail, and other network
software services. Telnet and FTP are applications that exist entirely in
the application level. Tiered application architectures are part of this layer.

Mail services : E-mail messages,

File transfer and access: It allows a user to access files in a remote
host,
to retrieve files from a remote computer for use in local computer, and to

manage or control files in a remote computer locally.

Remote Log-in: A user can log into a remote computer and access the
resources or that computer, executing remote jobs and obtaining
directory information about network resources
Accessing World Wide Web
NETWORK ARCHITECTURE 39
 Figure 2.13 Application layer

Protocols used:

NNTP · SIP · SSI · DNS · FTP · Gopher · HTTP · NFS ·

NTP · SMPP · SMTP · SNMP · Telnet (more)

NETWORK ARCHITECTURE 40
Figure 2.14 Summary of layers

NETWORK ARCHITECTURE 41
OSI Model

OSI in Action
A message begins at the top
application layer and moves down
the OSI layers to the bottom
physical layer.
As the message descends, each
successive OSI model layer adds a
header to it.
A header is layer-specific
information that basically explains
what functions the layer carried out.
Conversely, at the receiving end,
headers are striped from the
message as it travels up the
corresponding layers.

NETWORK ARCHITECTURE 42
Figure 2.15 TCP/IP and OSI model

NETWORK ARCHITECTURE 43