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By : Sariyati,S.

Refraction is the bending of the path of a


light wave as it passes from one material to
another material.
Refraction occurs at the boundary between
the medium and is
caused by a change in the speed of the light
wave upon crossing the boundary.

The speed of the light in a material/medium


depends on its index of refraction
The bigger the index of refraction of a
medium, the slower a ray of light will move
through the material.

Light Traveling from material with


lower refractive index towards higher
refractive index, then the light ray will
bend towards the normal line.
Light Traveling from material with
higher refractive index towards lower
refractive index, then the light ray will
bend away the normal line.

i= 1= angle of incidence
r= 2 = angle of refraction
ni = n1 = index of refraction of the incident
medium
nr = n2 = index of refraction of the refractive
medium

When light strikes on the border of two


medium, its frequency is constant, but its
speed and wavelength changes
V1 : V 2
= n2:n1
1.f : 2. f = n2:n1
1 : 2. = n2:n1
1. n1
= 2 . n2

When the observer is in the air

When the observer is in the water

h=real depth
h = apparent depth
nw = water refractive index
na = air refractive index =1

1. Light velocity in the air is 3x10 8m/s. What


is the light velocity in the water if its
refractive index is 4/3
2. A ray of light passes through medium A to
B with incident angle of 45 and refracted
with the angle of 60 .Determine the relative
refractive index of
A. medium A to B
B. medium B toA

3. A ray of light has frequency of 7.5 x 10 14 Hz


and speed of 3x108m/s in the air.
Calculate: a. the wavelength of the light in
the air

B. light velocity in the water


C. wavelength in the water
D. its frequency in the water (nwater = 4/3)
4.Look at the following picture!

Glass

Water

If nglass= 1.5 and nwater=4/3,nair=1 calculate the angle of refraction


when light emerged from glass to water () if sin=3/8
5. The deep of a pond is 2.0 m
If it is fulfilled with water (nwater = 4/3), what is the apparent depth of
the pond by an observer above the water surface?
6. A fish look at a child located 1m (nwater = 4/3), above a lake
surface. What is the apparent height of the child seen by the fish?

Is the incidence angle that make the


refracted angle equals to 90

n1 sin ic = n2 sin 90
n1 sin ic = n2

sin ic = n2: n1

Total internal reflection (TIR) is the


phenomenon of the reflection of all the
incident light off the boundary.

TIR only takes place when :


a light ray strikes from more dense medium
towards less dense medium.
the angle of incidence is greater than the critical
angle.

Diamond sparkling
Periscope
Optical fiber, used in :
medical technology/endoscopy
communication

Is the separation of visible light into its


different colors (ROYGBIV)
Caused by the different frequency of
the light in the prism
Example : rainbow, when white light
passes through a prism
higher frequency (lower wavelength)
violet light to travel slower through
crown glass than the lower frequency
(higher wavelength) red light

Three Convenient ray in convex lens


Any incident ray parallel to the principal axis will refract through the lens
and travel through the focal point on the opposite side of the lens.
Any incident ray through the focal point will refract through the
lens and travel parallel to the principal axis.
An incident ray which passes through the center of the lens will
in affect continue in the same direction that it had when it
entered the lens.

N
o

Object Location

Picture

Image
Character

The object is located in


front of F

Virtual,
upright,bigger

The object is located at F

No image

The object is located


between 2F and F
The object is located at
2F

5
The object is located
beyond 2F

Real,inverted,
bigger
Real, inverted,
same size
Real, inverted,
smaller

Three Convenient ray in concave Lens

Any incident ray traveling parallel to the principal


axis of a diverging lens will refract through the
lens and travel in line with the focal point (i.e., in a
direction such that its extension will pass through
the focal point).
Any incident ray traveling towards the focal point
on the way to the lens will refract through the lens
and travel parallel to the principal axis.
An incident ray which passes through the center of
the lens will in affect continue in the same
direction that it had when it entered the lens.

located on the object' side of the lens


a virtual image
an upright image
reduced in size (i.e., smaller than the object)

1/f = (n-1)(1/r1+1/r2)

f = the focal length of the lens


n= refractive index of lens material
r1= radius of the first lens
r2= radius of the second lens
r1 and r2 positive for convex surface
r1 and r2 negative for concave surface
r1 and r2 for plane surface

Lens Power
P = 1/f (m)
or

P =100/f (cm)
P =power of lens (diopter)
f = focal length of the lens (m)

Check your understanding


1. Determine the image
distance and image height for
a 5-cm tall object placed 20.0
cm from a double convex lens
having a focal length of 15.0
cm
2. A lens (its refractive index
=1.5) has convex surface its
radius of 20 cm, and concave
surface with radius of 40 cm.
Calculate its focal length and
determine whether it is
convex or concave lens
3. The focal length of a
lens(refractive index =1.5)
when it is in the air is 12 cm.
What is its focal length when
it is put in the water
(refractive index=4/3)

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