Relational Database

Systems
Higher Information Systems
Advanced Implementation in
MySQL/PHP

Developing a solution
Tables
Queries
User Views
Navigation

Introducing SQL

Relational database management

systems (RDBMSs) are based on a
data definition language called
Structured Query Language or SQL
(often pronounced sequel).
MySQL takes its name from SQL.

Introducing SQL

SQL is a data definition language

CREATE DATABASE `DVD Rentals`

CREATE TABLE Member(

`Member Number` integer,
Name varchar(30),
Address varchar(50),
`Post Code` varchar(7),
`Telephone Number` varchar(11))

Introducing SQL

SQL is also a data manipulation language

INSERT INTO Member

VALUES (`233`, `Jo Soap`, `1 Getting Close`,
`IS99 2QZ`, `123456`)

SELECT * FROM Member

WHERE `Member Number` BETWEEN 1 and
250
ORDER BY `Member Number` DESC

DELETE FROM Member

WHERE `Member Number` > 500

phpMyAdmin

A graphical user interface for

MySQL

phpMyAdmin

Viewing a table definition

phpMyAdmin

Adding a record

phpMyAdmin

Selecting records

phpMyAdmin

Viewing selected records

phpMyAdmin

Viewing selected records

Referential Integrity

For the database to work properly, it is

essential to guarantee that a foreign key
always refers to a record which exists in
the other table.
This is called referential integrity.
For example, an entry in the Loan table
can only refer to an existing record in
the Member table, because a loan can
only be made by a member.

Referential Integrity

MySQL has no internal facility to maintain

referential integrity (with the default
MyISAM table type) - instead, the
databases interface must be designed in
such a way that a check is made on any
value entered to ensure it is valid.
Usually this is done by using a list on a
web page to display the available choices
for a field value from which the user may
make a selection.

Validation: Presence Check

Validation: Range Check

Range checking is performed by

the interface
Use PHP scripting to check numeric
values

Validation: Restricted
Choice Check

Validation: Default Value

Formatting

All formatting of data for output is

done using PHP functions

e.g. printf

Queries

Searching
Sorting
Calculations
All searching, sorting and
calculation queries are performed
using an SQL expression string

Searching
Searching is the process of selecting
records from a table or combination of
tables.
To perform the query, three items must
be identified:

Which fields will be used to identify the

records required?
Which tables are required to produce the
data required?
What are the criteria for identifying the
records required?

Search 1: Single Condition

Identify the names and telephone

numbers of club members with
Member Number over 1000
SELECT FORENAME, SURNAME,
`TELEPHONE NUMBER`
FROM MEMBER
WHERE `MEMBER NUMBER` >
1000

Search 1: Single Condition

The asterisk * symbol can be used

in an expression string to extract
all fields from a table
SELECT *
FROM MEMBER
WHERE `MEMBER NUMBER` >
1000

Search 2:
Multiple Conditions (AND)

Identify the names and telephone

numbers of club members with
Surnames beginning with M and
Member Number over 1000
SELECT FORENAME, SURNAME,
`TELEPHONE NUMBER`
FROM MEMBER
WHERE SURNAME LIKE M* AND
`MEMBER NUMBER` > 1000

Search 3:
Multiple Conditions (OR)

Identify the names and telephone

numbers of club members with
Surnames beginning with M or N
SELECT FORENAME, SURNAME,
`TELEPHONE NUMBER`
FROM MEMBER
WHERE SURNAME LIKE M* OR
SURNAME LIKE N*

Search 4: More than one

table

Identify the names of club members who rented

a DVD in August 2005

In order to extract the related records from each

table, a join operation is performed in SQL

This will combine those records from each table

which have a corresponding record in the other
table into a single set of related records (called
an answer set)

The keyword used to perform this is INNER JOIN

Search 4: More than one

table

Identify the names of club members

who rented a DVD in August 2005
SELECT FORENAME, SURNAME, `DATE
HIRED`
FROM (MEMBER INNER JOIN LOAN) ON
`MEMBER.MEMBER
NUMBER`=`LOAN.MEMBER NUMBER`
WHERE `DATE HIRED` LIKE */8/2005

Search 5:
More than two tables

Identify the names of members who

have rented Shrek
This time all four tables are required:
Member, Loan, DVD and Film.
A nested INNER JOIN statement must
be performed to combine these
together into a single answer set

Search 5:
More than two tables

Identify the names of members who have

rented Shrek
SELECT `FORENAME`, `SURNAME`, `TITLE`
FROM
(((MEMBER INNER JOIN LOAN
ON MEMBER.MEMBER NUMBER=LOAN.MEMBER
NUMBER)
INNER JOIN DVD
ON LOAN.DVD CODE = DVD.DVD CODE)
INNER JOIN FILM
ON DVD.FILM CODE = FILM.FILM CODE)
WHERE `TITLE` = SHREK

Search 6:
Dealing with duplicates

List those members who have rented

Shrek or Finding Nemo
SELECT `FORENAME`, `SURNAME`, `TITLE`
FROM (((MEMBER INNER JOIN LOAN
ON MEMBER.MEMBER NUMBER=LOAN.MEMBER
NUMBER)
INNER JOIN DVD
ON LOAN.DVD CODE = DVD.DVD CODE)
INNER JOIN FILM
ON DVD.FILM CODE = FILM.FILM CODE)
WHERE `TITLE` = SHREK OR `TITLE` = FINDING
NEMO

Search 6:
Dealing with duplicates

The Group By option is used to eliminate

duplicate results
SELECT `FORENAME`, `SURNAME`, `TITLE`
FROM (((MEMBER INNER JOIN LOAN
ON MEMBER.MEMBER NUMBER=LOAN.MEMBER NUMBER)
INNER JOIN DVD
ON LOAN.DVD CODE = DVD.DVD CODE)
INNER JOIN FILM
ON DVD.FILM CODE = FILM.FILM CODE)
WHERE `TITLE` = SHREK OR `TITLE` = FINDING
NEMO
GROUP BY *

Sorting

To perform a sort, two items must

be identified:

Which field (or fields) will be used to

decide the order of records?
For each field selected, will the order
of sorting be ascending or
descending?

Sorting

To produce a list of people with the

tallest first, the records would be sorted
in descending order of height.
To produce a list of people with
youngest first, the records would be
sorted in ascending order of age.
A very common way of ordering records
relating to people is in alphabetical
order. To achieve alphabetical ordering
requires the records to be sorted in
ascending order of surname.

Complex Sorting

A complex sort involves more than one

sort condition involving two or more fields.
To achieve telephone book order, the
name is sorted in ascending order of
surname, then ascending order of
forename. In this case, the Surname field
is the primary sort key, and the
Forename field is the secondary sort
key.

Sorting

SELECT FORENAME, SURNAME

FROM MEMBER
WHERE `MEMBER NUMBER` > 1000
ORDER BY SURNAME, FORENAME
SELECT FORENAME, SURNAME
FROM MEMBER
WHERE `MEMBER NUMBER` > 1000
ORDER BY `MEMBER NUMBER` DESC

Calculations

Horizontal calculations are often known as calculated fields, and

vertical calculations are known as summary fields.

Functions (MySQL)

Functions (PHP)

Working with Dates

to search for all DVDs rented in the last

week, you would use the expression

SELECT * FROM LOAN WHERE

DATEDIFF(CURDATE(),`DATE HIRED`) < 7

to calculate a persons age in years from

their date of birth, you would use the
expression

SELECT (YEAR(CURDATE()) YEAR(`DATE

OF BIRTH`)
(RIGHT(CURDATE(),5)<RIGHT(`DATE OF
BIRTH`,5)) AS AGE

Parameterised Queries

User Views

User views are created using forms and

reports.
A form or report is usually based on a
query which selects the required fields
from the appropriate tables, sorting the
results if necessary, and performing any
horizontal calculations.
In a MySQL application, all output is
generally in the form of a web page.

Report Structure

Summary Information

Sum

to add values to give a total, e.g. Total

Cost of DVD Rentals last month
Average to find an average value, e.g. Average
Cost of Hire per DVD
Count
to count the number of records found,
e.g. Number of DVDs rented per
member
Maximum
to find the highest value, e.g.
Highest number of rentals per DVD (to
find the most popular DVD)
Minimum to find the lowest value, e.g. Lowest
number of rentals per member

Summary Information

In a MySQL application, the aggregate

functions SUM, AVG, COUNT, MAX and
MIN can be used in an SQL expression
string to produce summary information
for a set of extracted records
However, certain summary information,
such as page totals, would have to be
programmed using PHP (e.g. counting
the number of records being displayed)

Scripting

In a MySQL application, all navigation

and user interface features are
implemented using scripting

$result = @mysql_query("SELECT Forename, Surname

FROM Member");
while ( $row = mysql_fetch_array($result) ) {
$forename = $row["Forename"];
$surname = $row["Surname"];
echo("<tr><td>$forename</td><td>$surname</td>
</tr>");
}

Macros