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1
The Importance of Having a Transport System in Some
Multicellular Organisms
Total Surface
Area to Volume
Ratio
1.2
The Circulatory System
3 Major
Components
BLOOD CELLS
WHITE BLOOD CELLS
(Leucocytes)
Capillaries
Veins
that in arteries.
Large lumens
and valves that
maintain the
one-way flow of
blood.
CHARACTERISTIC
ARTERIES
CAPILLARIES
VEINS
WALL
THICK,MUSCULAR,E ONE-CELL
LASTIC
THICK,NO
MUSCLE/ELASTIC
TISSUE
THIN,LESS
MUSCULAR,LESS
ELASTIC
LUMEN
SMALL
VERY SMALL
LARGE
VALVE
NO VALVE
NO VALVE
HAVE VALVES
WHICH MAINTAIN
THE ONE WAY
FLOW OF BLOOD
BLOOD PRESSURE
HIGH
LOW
VERY LOW
DIRECTION OF
BLOOD FLOW
FROM ARTERIES TO
VEINS
BLOOD CONTENT
OXYGENATED
BLOOD EXCEPT
PULMONARY
ARTERY
OXYGENATED
BLOOD AT THE
ARTERIOLE ENDS
AND
DEOXYGENATED
BLOOD AT THE
VENULE ENDS
DEOXYGENATED
BLOOD EXCEPT
THE PULMONARY
VEIN
FUNCTION
TO TRANSPORT
BLOOD QUICKLY AT
HIGH PRESSURE
ALLOW RAPID
GASEOUS
EXCHANGE
ALLOW BLOOD
FROM THE TISSUES
TO RETURN TO THE
Heart
Heart is
is situated
situated between
between the
the two
two lungs
lungs in
in the
the thoracic
thoracic cavity
cavity
Valves
Four
Semi
Bicuspid
As
Oxygenated
When
Deoxygenated
The
blood
muscular
first
chambers
lunar
the
are
sound
and
fills
ventricles
present
valves
blood
the
tricuspid
wall
blood
two
lub
atria,
prevent
of
from
to
is
upper
begin
is
the
caused
allow
valve
the
pumped
the
left
chambers
blood
to
atria
blood
lungs
prevent
ventricle
by
contract,
contract
the
to
from
to
enters
the
closing
flow
(atria)
blood
flowing
is
lungs
the
thicker
and
in
the
bicuspid
from
only
ofthrough
left
push
back
the
than
one
flowing
atrium
bicuspid
the
into
and
direction
the
blood
the
via
tricuspid
back
right
pulmonary
and
the
ventricles
into
into
because
tricuspid
pulmonary
the
valves
thearterie
two
atria
when
the
are
va
ve
Blood pressure:
a) Pressure exerted on the wall of the blood vessel.
b) Force that drives blood through the arteries and capillaries.
c) Highest in aorta and large arteries during systole (the contraction of ventricles whenblood is pumped
out of the aorta and pulmonary artery).
d) 120 (systolic) /80 (diastolic)mmHge)
e)Regulated by negative feedback mechanisms.
BLOOD PRESSURE
INCREASE
DECREASE
WEAKER
STRONGER
RELAX
CONTRACT
DECREASE
INCREASE
WIDEN (VASODILATION)
NARROW
(VASOCONSTRICTION)
IMPULSE
CARDIAC MUSCLE
CONTRACTION
BLOOD VESSELS
2.
3.
Baroreceptor (arch of aorta) and carotid arteries in the neck detect blood pressure and send impulses to
the medulla oblongata (cardiovascular centre).
This brings the bp to normal value
Wound in skin
Produce
Trombokinase
Need
Vitamin D
Fibrinogen
Trombokinase
Thrombin
Prothrombin
Ion Calcium
Fibrin
Later
Harden (scab)
1.4 LYMPHATIC
SYSTEM
LYMPHATIC FLUID
COMPOSITION
OF+ INTERSTITIAL
FLUID
Contains water + dissolved oxygen
amino acids + glucose + fatty acids
+ glycerol
10% of interstitia
NON-SPECIFIC
SPECIFIC
1ST LINE
2ND LINE
Phagocytosis by
phagocytes
MUCOUS
MEMBRANES :
secretion of mucus
3RD LINE
Antibodies produced
by lymphocytes
SECOND LINE of
DEFENCE
Engulf
The
May
Number
soluble
also
& of
digest
beleucocytes
products
destroyed
the pathogens
are
increases
byabsorbed
toxins to
produced
try
& assimilated
to destroy
by the the
by
pathogens
the
pathogen
phagocytes
& neutralise
THIRD LINE of
MECHANISM
MECHANISM TO DESTROY
ANTIGENS
AGGLUTINATION
Defence system
Divided into
Non specific
specific
is
Divided into
1st line
2nd line
eg
are
Skin
mucous
membran
e
3rd line
through
Phagocyt
e
Carry
out
Phagocytosis
produce
lymphocyt
antibody
e
gives
immunity
Divided into
active
passive
Divided into
artificial
natural
immunisatio
n
Divided into
natural
artificial
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
Vascular Tissue in
Stem, Root & Leaves
XYLEM transport water & mineral salts
PHLOEM transport organic substances
Vascular system is not involved in the
transport of oxygen & carbon dioxide.
STRUCTURE OF PHLOEM IN
RELATION TO TRANSPORT
Transports organic food substances
(sucrose & amino acids) from leaves
to various plant parts
Consists mainly of sieve tubes &
companion cells
A sieve tube is a cylindrical tube
made up of elongated living sieve
tube cells.
TRANSLOCATION
The transport of dissolved
organic food substances by the
phloem.
IMPORTANCE OF TRANSLOCATION
Ensures a plants survival
Organic food molecules can be
transported :
To the growing regions in the plant for growth &
development
To the plant cells for metabolism
Downwards from the leaves to the storage
TRANSPIRATION
The loss of water as water
vapour from a living plant to the
atmosphere due to evaporation.
Most of the water is lost through the
stomata of leaves.
A small amount is lost through the
cuticle or through the lenticels in
woody stem
GUTTATION
In small plants, root pressure can
push water all the way up the stem &
out of special pores called
hydathodes at the edges of leaves
Guttation
Occurs on cool humid morning when
the air is too saturated for the water
drops to evaporate from the leaves.
TEMPERATURE
A rise in temperature increases the kinetic energy of water molecules & increase the
LIGHT INTENSITY
RELATIVE HUMIDITY
ROOT PRESSURE
COHESION
ADHESION
Water
The
Cohesion
cohesive
adhesive
molecules
+=adhesion
the
forces
tend
force
between
can
=
to
ofcapillarity
support
adhere
attraction
water
to
a (the
considerable
the
between
molecules
walls
rise ofof
different
the
water
hold
the
mass
same
xylem
the
inof
molecules
amolecules
continuous
capillary
water.
vessels.tube).
columns
STOMATAL OPENING
STOMATAL CLOSING