Technology in Action

Chapter 13
Behind the Scenes: How the Internet Works

Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Objectives
To learn on how to manage the Internet
To know what Internet networking and
identity are
To learn on how data is transmitted and
what protocols involved
To know various protocols and
communications over the Internet

Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Management of the Internet

Local networks are owned by:
Individuals
Universities
Government agencies
Private companies

Managed by nonprofit organizations and

user groups

Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Internet Networking
Much information is now stored out in the
cloud
You can retrieve information stored on
servers around the world
Enter a URL in your browser
Enter a search topic in a search engine

Series of communication transactions

enable Internet to function as global
network
Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Connecting to the Internet

Internet backbone
Collection of large national and international
networks
T lines: Initially used for backbone ISP
connections
Carried digital data over twisted-pair wires

Optical carrier line (OC): Todays most

common backbone ISP connection
High-speed, fiber-optic lines designed to provide
high throughput
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Network Model of the Internet

Internet communications follow the
client/server network model of network
communications
Clients request services
Servers provide services to clients

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Types of Servers
Web servers
Host Web pages

Commerce servers
Enable the purchase of goods and services
over the Web

File servers
Provide remote storage space for files that
users can download

Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Peer-to-Peer File Sharing

Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Data Transmission and Protocols

Computer protocol is a set of rules for
exchanging electronic information
Internet protocols had to be an open
system design
Networks can communicate even if they
have different topologies, transmission
media, or operating systems

Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Circuit Switching
Technology available in 1960s
Dedicated connection is formed between
two points
Remains active for duration of
transmission
Used since early days of the telephone
communications
Inefficient for computers
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Packet Switching
Makes computer communication efficient
Data is broken into small units (packets)
Packets are sent over various routes to
their destination
Packets are reassembled by the receiving
computer

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Packet Contents
Contents vary depending on protocol
At a minimum, all packets must contain:
1. Address to which packet is being sent
2. Address from where packet originates
3. Reassembling instructions, if original data
was split
4. Data that is being transferred

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TCP/IP
Main suite of protocols used on Internet
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
Prepares data for transmission
Provides error checking
Enables resending lost data

Internet Protocol (IP)

Responsible for sending information from one
computer to another
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Internet Identity
Each computer, server, or device
connected to the Internet is required to
have unique identification number
Numeric IP addresses were given more
human word-based addressed
Domain names were born

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IP Address
Unique number that identifies each device
connected to the Internet
Typical IP address
197.24.72.157

Static addressing
IP Address never changes

Dynamic addressing
Temporary address from available pool
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Domain Names
Domain name takes place of an IP address
Easier to remember
Organized by level
Top-level domain (TLD)
Portion of the domain name that follows the dot
Includes .com, .org, .gov, .edu, and .net

Second-level domain
Unique name within a top-level domain
Yahoo.com, Whitehouse.gov, Unesco.org
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Domain Name System Servers

Internet servers that translate domain
names into IP addresses
ISPs go first to a default DNS to resolve a
name
Name queries work up the hierarchy to the
root DNS servers if required

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DNS Servers in Action

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HTTP, HTML, and

Other Web Building Blocks
World Wide Web is grouping of protocols
and software that resides on Internet
Web uses special languages and
protocols to facilitate communication
between computers

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Web Browser Security Protocols

HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
For transfer of hypertext documents

HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS)

Combination of HTTP and network security
protocol

Transport Layer Security (TLS) and Secure

Sockets Layer (SSL)
Protect data integrity of data and security of
transmissions over the Internet
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HTML/XHTML
Web page is a text document formatted using
Web languages
HyperText Markup Language (HTML)
eXtensible HyperText Markup Language
(XHTML)

Sets of rules for marking up blocks of text so

browser know how to display them

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XML
eXtensible Markup Language (XML)
Designed for exchanging information

Can be used to create your own markup

language
Used in e-commerce transactions
Custom packages for specific
communities
MathML, Wireless Markup Language (WML)
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Common Gateway Interface

Provides methodology so browsers
can request that a program file be
executed
CGI files are often called CGI scripts
Adds Web page interaction
Adding names to guest books/mailing
lists
Completing forms
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Dynamic HTML
A combination of technologies used to
create interactive Web sites
HTML/XHTML
Cascading style sheets
JavaScript

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AJAX and JavaScript

Asynchronous JavaScript and XML (AJAX)
Newer group of technologies that facilitates
creation of Web applications
Does not actually require JavaScript or XML

JavaScript
Most commonly used scripting language for
creating DHTML effects

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Cascading Style Sheets

List of statements that defines in a single
location how to display HTML/XHTML
elements
Enable a Web developer to define a style
for each HTML/XHTML element and apply
it to multiple elements on many Web pages
Allows for creation of formatting templates

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Client Side Applications

Programs that run on client computer with
no interaction with a Web server
Two main types:
Embedding programming language code
directly within HTML or XHTML code of a
Web page
Applet is a small application that resides on a
server and when requested, compiled version
is downloaded to client computer
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Communications over the Internet

Communications revolution began to
explode in the mid 1990s
Internet e-mail
Growing exponentially each month
97 percent is spam

Texting and instant messaging

Voice over Internet protocol

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E-Mail
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is
used for sending e-mail along Internet
Popular client-based e-mail software:
Microsoft Outlook
Mozilla Thunderbird

Web-based e-mail software

Gmail
Yahoo!
Hotmail
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E-Mail (cont.)
Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions
(MIME) simplifies attachments to e-mail
messages
Handles encoding and decoding

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Instant Messaging
Act of communicating with one or more
people in real time
Top IM programs
AOL Instant Messenger (AIM)
GoogleTalk
Yahoo! Messenger
Jabber
Windows Live Messenger

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How Instant Messaging Works

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Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)

Turns standard Internet connection into
way to make free long-distance phone calls
Collection of communication and
transmission protocols
Uses TCT/IP protocols to route phone calls
across the Internet

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Chapter 13 Summary Questions

1. Who owns, manages, and pays for the Internet?
2. How do the Internets networking components interact?
3. What data transmissions and protocols does the
Internet use?
4. Why are IP addresses and domain names important for
Internet communications?
5. What are HTTP, HTML/XHTML and XML used for?
6. How do e-mail, instant messaging, and Voice over
Internet Protocol work, and how is information using
these technologies kept secure?

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